Studied by 14 people
Structuralism
An early psychological approach that focused on breaking down the mind into its basic elements to understand its functions, emphasizing introspection.
Functionalism
A psychological approach that aimed to understand how the conscious mind is related to behavior, focusing on how the mind affects actions.
Early Behaviorism
The study of observable events to explain behavior, shifting psychology towards a science-based approach.
Gestalt Psychology
Emphasizes that the whole is different from the sum of its parts, looking at the mind and behavior as a whole.
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Approach
Focuses on the unconscious mind and past experiences to determine behavior, pioneered by Sigmund Freud.
Biological Perspective
Examines psychological issues by studying the physical basis for behavior, including the brain, immune system, and genetics.
Cognitive Approach
Focuses on how thought processes influence behavior, emphasizing the impact of cognitive processes on actions.
Biopsychosocial Perspective
Considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.
Clinical Psychology
Branch focused on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
Developmental Psychology
Studies changes in social, physical, and cognitive aspects throughout the lifespan, from infancy to old age.
Conformity
Adjusting behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard or expectation.
Correlational Studies
Research measuring how two variables relate without manipulating them.
Survey Research
Data collection method involving asking a large number of participants questions.
Naturalistic Observation
Observing behavior in a natural setting without intervention.
Case Studies
Detailed investigations into individuals or small groups providing qualitative data.
Phineas Gage
Railroad foreman with a brain injury showing frontal lobes' impact on behavior.
Adderall
Medication for ADHD and narcolepsy containing amphetamine and dextroamphetamine.
Association
Connection between thoughts, feelings, or experiences leading to recall.
Cause and Effect
Relationship where one event or thing results from another.
Control Group
Set in an experiment not receiving treatment, used as a benchmark.
Experiments
Research method manipulating variables to observe effects.
Frontal Lobes
Brain areas involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and personality.
Generalize Results
Applying findings from a sample to larger populations.
Hawthorne Effect
Alteration of behavior due to awareness of being observed.
Naturalistic Observations
Observing behavior in a natural environment without interference.
Personality Change
Significant shift in established behavior patterns.
Realism
Acceptance of facts and reality without distortion.
Replicate
Repeating a study to observe basic findings.
Research Methods
Strategies used to collect and analyze data in psychology.
Hawthorne Effect
The alteration of behavior by study subjects due to being observed.
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that it could have been predicted.
Hypothesis
An educated guess or proposition for research, testable and falsifiable.
Independent Variable
Factor manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.
Operational Definitions
Describes how to measure a variable or term in research.
Overconfidence
Tendency to overestimate abilities, leading to decisions without considering risks.
Random Assignment
Method in experiments ensuring equal participant group placement.
Random Sample
Subset of individuals randomly selected from a population.
Sampling Bias
Occurs when some population members have lower sampling probability.
Scientific Method
Systematic procedure for conducting experiments and developing theories.
Descriptive Research Method
Observing and recording behavior without manipulating variables.
Correlational Research Method
Measuring and analyzing relationships between variables.
Negatively Skewed Distribution
A type of distribution where more data values fall to the right side of the graph, with the tail extending to the left towards smaller values.
Normal Distribution
A bell-shaped curve where most data falls near the mean, with frequencies decreasing away from it.
Statistical Significance
Refers to whether observed differences between groups are real or due to chance, often determined by p-values less than 0.05.
Measures of Central Tendency
Statistical indicators like mean, median, and mode that identify the center or average of a dataset.
Ethical Guidelines
Rules set by organizations like the APA to ensure research participants are protected from unethical practices.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
An administrative body ensuring the protection of human research subjects in activities like biomedical and behavioral research.
Milgram Experiment
Psychological experiments by Stanley Milgram testing obedience to authority figures conflicting with personal conscience.
Protection from Harm or Discomfort
Ethical principle in psychology preventing physical or psychological harm to study participants.
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