Mr. Johnson Chapter 11

What does prosperity mean?

Good, positive, improvement

First Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)

Shifts

-1) Handmade -> Machinery

-2) Rural -> Urban

Handmade products

Better quality, more expensive

Machines made products

Less expensive to make, but businesses sold them for handmade prices because only England knew how to make machine made products.

How did the business practices get out of England?

Someone smuggled the plans out of England in their underwear.

U.S First Industrial Revolution

Cotton Gin

Second Industrial Revolution

New products and patterns

- steel, electricity, coal, oil (petroleum)

Steel

Stronger, lighter, cheaper, mixed substance

Iron

Weaker, heavier, expensive, pure substance

Iron ore

Rock and iron

Electricity

Lightbulb

Lightbulb

Thomas Edison in U.S. - Joseph Swan in U.K. (Did not invent the lightbulb, they patented it.)

Many responsible - Louis Latimer (African American) responsible for the filament

Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell (1876) took it to an African American engineer who designed it.

Radio

Marconi (1901)

Wright Brothers

First flight, 12 seconds, went 120 feet, 1903

Henry Ford

Saw assembly line in Germany and took it to the U.S. and improved it.

Assembly line

Product line, each person partakes in the assembly of the product.

Before the assembly line

Someone would put in different parts on different days and the cars would be messed up because no one hadj experience

2 Economic Zones of Europe:

Western Zone & South and East Zone

Western Zone

Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austrio-Hungarian Empire, Northern Italy

Higher standards of living

Adequate transportation

South and East Zone

Souther Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Balkan Kingdoms, Russia

Provided food and raw materials (agricultural)

Lower standards of living.

What are the two zones of Europe an example of?

Classism

Toward a world economy

Second Industrial Revolution + Growth of Transportation = World Economy

Organizing the working class

Cause: Desire to improve working and living conditions

Effect: Socialist political parties and trade (labor) unions

Marx's Theory

Two groups: Oppressors (bourgeois/capitalists) and oppressed (proletariat/workers)

Theory: Proletariat will have a revolution, win, form a dictatorship, and have a classless society

Karl Marx

Father of socialism

Equality definition

To be equal - blindly giving people the equal amount

Equity

Give the people the things they need to be equal

Is the goal equity or equality?

Equity

Why did socialism form?

Greed

Socialist Parties

Social Democratic Party & Second International

Social Democratic Party

Political platform/objective: Improve conditions for the working class

Second International

Political platform/objective: Fight capitalism globally

Pure Marxists

Revolution against capitalism will happen and will be violent

Revisionists

Want to end capitalism diplomatically

Trade/Labor Union

Objective: Improve working conditions, increase wages, benefits (vacation days, sick days, healthcare - things wages can't pay for)

Union pros vs. cons

Pros: Strength in numbers

Cons: Everyone gets paid the same regardless of performance

Strikes

Protest on the job

Negotiating tool

Why were cities growing in Europe?

Jobs, public health, sanitation, higher housing quality

What would keep happening?

Revolutions would keep happening, but the rich would still remain in power (regime change)

The New Elite

Made up 5 percent of the population, but controlled 30 to 40 percent of the wealth

Present Day Elite

Currently, the world's 2,153 billionaire have more wealth than the 4.6 billion people who make up 60% of the world's population

Rich get richer, poor get poorer

1800s Upper Middle class

Lawyers, doctors, members of civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants and chemists

1800s Lower Middle Class

Small shopkeepers, traders, and prosperous farmers

1800s White Collar Workers

Traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department salespeople, secretaries.

Blue collar vs. white collar

Blue collar - gets hands dirty, wore a blue uniform

White collar - office jobs, wore white collar shirts

Lower class occupations

Landowning peasants, sharecroppers, small farmers

European dream

Hardwork always leads to success

America dream

If you work hard, you will be successful

Not true, the U.S. is not a meritocracy

Example of classism

By 20th century, Henry Ford was among the richest people,he wanted to live in Grosse Pointe, but residents would not let him move there. Grosse Pointe was old money and they didn't let Ford in because he was new money. Ford moved to the suburbs of Detroit instead and it is now called Boston Edison.

How were women able to get jobs?

Men did not want low paying jobs

Expansion of government services.

Number 1 career for women

Marriage

What contributed to the declining birth rate?

Women got jobs and birth control was used

When did women get property rights?

Great Britain: 1870

U.S. + Germany: 1900

France: 1907

When did women get suffrage?

Norway + Finland: before 1914

U.S.: 1920 (19th amendment)

Most of Europe: Upheaval of WW1

Purpose of education in Second Industrial Revolution

Education was political to understand politics

Definition of politics

Ability to influence the government

Objective of education today

To be a functioning member of society

Leisure meaning

What someone is doing when their not working

What did leisure do?

Distract workers from their work lives and entertained them

Western Europe Government

Political democracy

Western Europe Life

Industrialized and a high standard of living (Late 19th century)

Overall want in Western Europe?

Male suffrage (majority rule)

What is ministerial responsibility?

Democracy where a prime minister is directly responsible to a popularly elected legislative body not a king/president.

Europe government equivalents

U.S. Term: President - Europe Term: Prime Minister

U.S. Term: Vice President - Europe Term: President

Shift in government

Monarchy -> Democracy (Ministerial Responsibility)

Why were political parties formed?

To influence the government

England Government

Ministerial responsibility

What is the UK?

A political and economical region

Legislative body of England

House of Commons (Lower House) House of Lords (Upper House)

Political parties of England

Liberal and conservative

Liberal meaning

Open to change

Conservative meaning

Not open to change

What does politics need?

A compromise of both liberal and conservative

Voting in England (1918)

Males over 21 can vote and women over 30 can vote

Major issues England voted on

Social reforms for the working classs

France government system

Upper house (senate) elected by high ranking officials

Lower house elected by males

Who was the French prime minister responsible to?

The Chamber of Deputies

France's governing flaw

Failed to develop a strong parliament system

Northern vs. Southern Italy

North = industrialized

South = poverty

Voting in Italy (1912)

Universal male suffrage

Did the male suffrage in Italy in 1912 work?

No because the Italian government was still corrupt and weak

Otto van Bismarck

Prime minister of Germany in 1871 and set up a two-house legislature through a constitution

Was Bismarck for or against democracy?

Bismarck was against democracy because it would make him lose his power

William II of Germany (1888)

Did not like democracy and supported industrialists and the nobility

Austria-Hungary government type

Dual monarchy in 1867

Austria government

Ministerial responsibility with a parliament, was ignored by Emperor Francis Joseph

Ethnic conflicts in Austria

German minority governed Austria, but was threatened by Slavics, Poles, and Czechs. The groups advocated for freedom but were ignored by Francis

Hungary's government system

Their parliament worked, but it was controlled by landowners who were the minority compared to the peasants and other ethnic groups

Russia's place on the industrial revolution

One of the last countries to get the industrial revolution

What did the czar(monarch) of Russia think of power?

Czar Nicholas II believed that absolute power of the czar should be preserved

Russia and steel (1900)

Russia is the 4th largest producer of steel

What causes socialism?

Greed

No greed = no socialism

If greed is the cause, what is the caused of socialist political parties?

Working class wants better working and living conditions

January 22, 1905 (Bloody Sunday)

Workers go to the Winter Palace in Russia (czar's house) to demand reforms and the troops kill thousands of workers

Effects of Bloody Sunday

The Duma (legislative assembly) was created and there were civil liberties put in place

What eventually happened to the Duma?

Czar Nicholas II eventually took his power back and took over the Duma

Shift in the Second Industrial Revolution

Second Industrial Revolution -> Bad working conditions -> socialist parties -> labor unions

Amendments in U.S. Constitution

13th - abolished slavery

14th - gave African Americans citizenship and added natural born citizenship

15th - African American males can vote

Shift in U.S. from 1860 - 1914

Farm based -> Industrial based