Alkanes

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31 Terms

1

define petroleum fraction

mixture of hydrocarbon with a similar chain length and boiling point range

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2

state the stages of how fractional distillation works (9)

  • oil is pre heated

  • then passed into column

  • the fractions condense at different heights

  • the temperature of the column decreases upwards

  • the separation depends on boiling points

  • boiling point depends on size of molecules

  • similar molecules condense together

  • small molecules condense at the top at lower temps

  • and big molecules condense at the bottom

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3

state the process of vacuum distillation unit (2)

  • heavy residue from the fractionating column are distilled again under a vacuum

  • lowering the pressure over a liquid will lower its boiling point

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4

what is vacuum distillation used for (2)

  • allows heavier fractions to be further separated

  • without high temperatures which could break them down

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5

define cracking (1)

conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller hydrocarbon molecules by breaking the C-C bonds

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6

what are the economic reasons for cracking (3)

  • the petroleum fractions with shorter C chains are more in demand than larger fractions

  • to make use of excess larger hydrocarbons and to supply shorter ones

  • the products of cracking are more valuable than the starting materials

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7

what are the conditions for thermal cracking (2)

  • high pressure = 7000 kPa

  • high temp = 400oC to 900oC

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8

what are the conditions for catalytic cracking (3)

  • slight pressure

  • high temperature = 450oC

  • zeolite catalyst

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9

what are the products of thermal cracking (2)

  • alkenes

  • sometimes hydrogen

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10

what are the products of catalytic cracking (2)

  • branched and cyclic alkanes

  • aromatic hydrocarbons

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11

write the two equations for the production of SO2 (3)

  • S + O2 = SO2

  • CH3SH+ 3O2 = SO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

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12

explain how sulfur can be removed from the waste gases from furnaces (3)

  • the gases pass through a scrubber containing basic calcium oxide

  • which reacts with the acidic sulfur dioxide

  • in a neutralisation reaction

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13

write the equation for neitralising sulfur dioxide (2)

  • SO2 + CaO = CaSO3

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14

what is the product from neutralising sulfur dioxide (1)

calcium sulfite

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15

write the equations for production of nitrogen oxide (2)

  • N2 + O2 = 2NO

  • N2 + 2O2 = 2NO2

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16

how is nitrogen oxide released from car engines (1)

the high temperature and spark in the engine provides sufficient energy to break the N2 bonds

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17

what is the environmental consequence of nitrogen oxide (1)

is toxic and cam form acidic gas NO2 which can form acid rain

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18

what is the environmental consequence of carbon monoxide (1)

toxic

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19

what is the environmental consequence of carbon dioxide (1)

contributes towards global warming

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20

what is the environmental consequence of unburnt hydrocarbons (1)

contributes towards formation of smog

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21

what is the environmental consequence of soot(1)

global dimming

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22

what are catalytic converters (1)

remove CO and NO and unburned hydrocarbons from exhaust gases to turn them into harmless products

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23

write the equation for the conversion of CO and NO into harmless products (1)

2 CO + 2 NO = 2 CO2 + N2

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24

write the equation for the conversion of hydrocarbons and NO into harmless products (2)

C8H18 + 25 NO = 8 CO2 + 12½ N2 + 9 H2O

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25

explain the mechanism of greenhouse effect (5)

  • UV wavelength radiation passes through the atmosphere to the earths surface and heats it up

  • earth radiates out infrared long wavelength radiation

  • the C=O bonds in CO2 absorb infrared radiation

  • so the IR radiation does not escape from the atmosphere

  • this energy is transferred to other molecules in the atmosphere via collision so the atmosphere is warmed

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26

write the equation for the reaction of alkanes with chlorine (1)

CH4 + Cl2 = CH3Cl + HCl

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27

what is the mechanism used to react alkanes with halogens (1)

free radical substitution

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28

write the initiation step for the reaction of alkanes with chlorine (1)

Cl2 = 2Cl.

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29

what is used to make initiation happen (1)

UV light

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30

write the propagation steps for the reaction of alkanes with chlorine (2)

CH4 + Cl. = HCl + .CH3

.CH3 + Cl2 = CH3Cl + Cl.

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31

write the termination steps for the reaction of alkanes with chlorine (2)

.CH3 + Cl . = CH3Cl

.CH3 + .CH3 = CH3CH3

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