PSYC 3083 Final exam

In DBT, what four stages are inherent in individual therapy? What happens at each stage? What takes place in individual therapy?

Stage I: A focus on safety and stabilization, in the following order: behaviors that are life threatening, behaviors that interfere with therapy, and behaviors that decrease the quality of life.
Stage II: A focus on behaviors that cause misery and "quiet desperation," often due to past trauma and invalidation.
Stage III: A focus on behaviors that cause problems in everyday living so that clients can live a life of relative contentment with its ups and downs.
Stage IV: A focus on finding deeper meaning, spiritual fulfillment, and ongoing capacity for success and joy.

greet clients warmly, ensure maintenance of the therapeutic alliance, conduct mindfulness to ground client and counselor, review diary card, inquire about homework assignments, set goals and assign homework

What are the different acceptance and change skills? Where are these learned in DBT?

acceptance skills: mindfulness and distress tolerance
change skills: emotional regulation and interpersonal effectiveness
change skills are learned in group skills training

In regards to the "what" and "how" skills of mindfulness, What do these skills involve?

mindfulness is based on contemplative traditions and is a here-and-now practice that allows one to experience negative emotions without being dominated by them, detach oneself from one's thoughts, and let go of rigid adherence to dogmatic beliefs

What are the various aspects of the consulting team meeting? Who attends? What occurs in these meetings?

-used in DBT and aka "therapy for the therapist"
-one to one and a half hours that consists of two to eight professionals involved with the case
-coordinate with one another about the treatment plan and help to ensure that all involved are on the same page

What is the focus that distinguishes ACT (and other Third Wave therapies) from earlier cognitive-behavioral therapies? What caused Hayes to develop his theory?

-ACT and other Third Wave therapies relate to context and incorporate things like spirituality, values, and mindfulness as well as looking at how context changes a person
-ACT is a fundamentally behavioral approach, but one in which cognitions are treated from a behavior analytic point of view within a contextual focus
-Hayes developed this because he became unable to speak as tensions rose in his department and couldn't teach anymore. he realized the standard ways of coping, such as tranquilizers or processing a panic attack cognitively only made the condition worse.

What is the process in which two or more stimuli become related to one another?

combinatory entailment

What makes ACT a functional contextual theory? What are formed in its different (biological, social, physical, and cultural) contexts?

-it examines past biological, social, physical, and cultural context
-one's past context forms private events, sometimes called psychological events (things people do, think, or feel)

What is psychological inflexibility and what are its related processes? What characterizes "psychological flexibility?"

-inflexibility includes cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, being stuck in the past or the future, attachment to a conceptualized self, lack of clarity of values, unworkable action
-flexibility includes: defusion, acceptance, contact with the present moment, self-as-context, values, committed action

What is committed action? Unworkable action? Experiential avoidance?

- "do what it takes"; part of psychological flexibility
-opposite of committed action; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that are contrary to purposeful, intentional, and mindful actions that prevent one from moving towards chosen values such as when one is impulsive, reactive, and automatic
-part of psychological inflexibility; from an evolutionary perspective, we have learned to avoid external threats, however, we tend to think we should avoid internal processes that make us feel worse

psychological inflexibility and their opposite flexibilities

cognitive fusion vs defusion (watch what you are thinking)
experiential avoidance vs acceptance (open up)
being stuck in the past/future vs contact with the present moment (be here now)
attachment to a conceptualized self vs self-as-concept (pure awareness)
lack of clarity of values vs values (know what matters)
unworkable action vs committed action (do what it takes)

What are the components of the MI Spirit?

compassion: consistently having the safety, well-being, and best interest of the client at the forefront and being client-centered and non-judgmental
collaboration: non-hierarchial, respectfully curious, and working to understand and accept the client's goals, which may contrast with the counselor's intuition
acceptance:4 components: absolute worth, accurate empathy, autonomy support, and affirmations
evocation: evokes change talk, eliciting information to evoke, or unveil the client's natural, sometimes hidden, tendency toward change and hope for the future

What do the following acronyms stand for? "FRAMES", "DARN CATS", and "OARS". What do the various components of each relate to in terms of this theory?

FRAMES (standard intervention): Feedback, responsibility, advice, menu of options, empathy, self-efficacy
DARN CATS (change talk): desire, ability, reason, need (preparatory change talk) commitment, activation, taking steps (mobilizing change talk)
OARS (therapeutic technique): open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, summarizing

What four factors increase the effectiveness of MI? The counseling process in MI flows through which four steps?

1. engaging: build a working alliance that is engaging to the client, embrace MI spirit of compassion, collaboration, and acceptance
2. focusing: focus on the direction the client wants to move, inquire about the presenting problem, and assess the client's willingness, importance, and readiness toward change
3. evoking: use skills to elicit the client's motivation towards change, develop discrepancies between the client's current circumstances or behaviors and desired ones, educate the client about the problem, use OARS
4. planning: as clients increasingly become ready to change, they begin to develop a fairly strong sense of the direction they want to move in and how they want to get there
all steps use FRAMES model

What is change talk? What are the two types of change talk? Sustain talk? Rolling with resistance?

-part of MI
- change: a collaborative process whereby the counselor uses a series of questions and statements that encourage but not push, clients to reflect on what change, if any, might be important
-change talk uses support and challenge and helps clients explore the possibility of change and encourages them to begin to identify plans to implement these changes
-two types are: preparatory and mobilizing
-sustain: formerly known as "rolling with resistance"
-is talk/language that counselors will say to increase the resistance, that move clients to resistance and staying the same

Know the three types of learning and how to identify them.

operant learning:
classical learning:
social learning:

Know the different types of reinforcement and punishment in Operant Conditioning and how to recognize them. What do each do?

Negative reinforcement- removing something they don't want
Positive reinforcement - rewarding ex. Giving a dog a treat

What's the "Build What's Strong" approach and the "Fix What's Wrong" approach. What does each focus on? The Broaden Hypothesis? "Undoing Hypothesis?" What are the four errors in thinking related to "strengths theory?"

build what's strong: focuses on building our positive emotions, thoughts, outlooks, etc.
fix what's wrong: focuses on problems
broaden hypothesis: the broaden hypothesis suggests that increased positive emotions can broaden the possible thought-action responses, which means we are more in touch with how our thoughts impact the type of actions we make
undoing hypothesis: suggests that positive emotions can reduce the hold that negative emotions have on one's cognitive and physical well-being
four errors: 1. fixing a weakness makes someone stronger. 2. strengths will develop naturally 3.strengths and weaknesses are opposite 4.a person can do anything he/she focuses on

In SFBT, what is "Amplification?" Reframing? Complementing? What does it focus on?

-amplify client successes by encouraging them to have expanded discussions about situations that have worked for them
-seeks alternative meanings that view problems as changeable in response to action by the person.
-reinforcing client resources and strengths to encourage clients in their continued efforts at solution-building

How does Beck define "schema?" What are Solution-oriented questions? Evaluative questions?

schema: cognitive structures and core beliefs are the content that results from the structures
solution-oriented questions: how the client's life would be if the problem did not exist
evaluative: what the client is doing and whether it is working for him or her

Exception-seeking questions? Preferred goals questions? Coping questions? Be able to recognize by example. What is the demeanor of an SFBT therapist?

-focus on times when clients were able to "make lemonade out of lemons"
-what the client is hoping his or her future will look like
-how the client has coped in the past with his or her problem
-therapist needs to be tentative in order to get the client to open up to them and elicit information

What does external locus of control and internal locus of control mean? Know how to identify.

People who develop an internal locus of control believe that they are responsible for their own success. Those with an external locus of control believe that external forces, like luck, determine their outcomes.

According to Rogers, how does a person become nongenuine?

-when they do things or act in a way that is not like themselves

What is the Organismic Valuing Process? How does it develop?

-when people move towards things that are good or positive for us. It occurs all the time but starts during very early childhood

What is "Conditions of Worth?" What is Socratic Questioning"

-conditions of worth: When significant people in our lives place conditions on us to act a certain way (ex. if you don't let me drive your car I'm going to leave you)
-Socratic questioning: A systematic, disciplined approach to asking questions aimed at assessing the truth; challenges the client to think rationally; illuminates alternative ways of understanding; asks for evidence that proves this si the way things are

According to Rogers, what is the "actualizing tendency"? How does it come about?

- aka self-actualization; a natural tendency we are born with that pushes all organisms towards growth. we all want to express ourselves creatively and reach our full potential

Why is ACT a form of functional contextual theory? What are private events and how are they formed?

-it examines current and past biological, social, physical and cultural contexts in our lives
-these past contexts create our private events

What is the Oedipus Complex? The Stages of Psychosexual development? Their Order? What occurs in each stage? What are defense mechanisms and how are they helpful?

-Freud's theory states that a boy develops an unconscious infatuation towards his mother, and simultaneously fears his father to be a rival. all processed unconsciously
-Oral (0-2 years old & the mouth is the erogenous zone), anal (1.5-3 years old & pleasure zone shifts from mouth to anus & covers toilet training), phallic (3-6 years old & focus on the penis for boys and penis envy for girls), latency (6-puberty stop caring about sexual pleasures and more so on building relationships with peers), genital (puberty to death &
individual develops a strong sexual interest in people outside the family)
-defense mechanisms: Ways we can deal with the world without seeing truths we can't accept; Healthy ways we adapt to society in order to function well

When is a token economy used? What is it?

it is a system in which an individual is rewarded for demonstrating the desired behavior and is rewarded by earning a token/chip/marker that can be exchanged for the desired prize. The token acts as a physical representation of the number of times the individual has demonstrated the desired behavior. Most commonly used in school-aged children or at home

What are the most frequently applied principles in operant conditioning?

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, and extinction.

What are Core Beliefs? Intermediate Beliefs? Automatic Thoughts? Where does each come from? What are automatic thoughts based on? In what order are they addressed in therapy?

core: lend direction to how we think, act, and feel
intermediate: they set the attitudes, rules, and expectations, and assumptions we live by
automatic: ongoing stream of thoughts and images we have during the day; developed from one's core beliefs and based on irrational thoughts
-Automatic thoughts are addressed first in therapy because core beliefs are at an unconscious level, and hard to get to, and automatic thoughts are easier to access

What catalyzed Ellis' interests to the extent that he developed REBT? What are cognitive distortions? What are the ABC&Ds? What is the most commonly used emotive disputation?

- Ellis suffered from several phobias and neuroses and began working to cure himself with self-taught methods. Ellis has identified several mechanisms that cause us to cognitively distort events and which we use to indoctrinate ourselves into thinking irrationally.
-cognitive distortions: false beliefs about the world that fuels disorders
-ABCDEs of REBT: A: activating event, B: (irrational) beliefs, C: consequential feeling or behavior/ cognitive self-statements, D: Dispute, E: (develop) effective responses
-rational emotive imagery

What is social constructivism and how does it relate to ethical decision-making?

philosophy suggests that language used and the discourses we have with others are key in the development of reality. A social constructivism approach redefines the ethical decision-making process as an interactive rather than an individual or intrapsychic process.