Unit 5- APUSH

Vocabulary flashcards from lecture notes.

Palmer Raids

When anyone in the US suspected of being communist could be arrested or have their home raided.

Red Scare

The period of time in which the Palmer Raids are associated.

Flappers

Image of freedom; bobbed their hair and raised hemlines; alcohol, smoked.

The Volstead Act

The same as the 18th Amendment, which established prohibition. This law ended up being very unsuccessful and ended in 1933 with the 21st amendment.

KKK

Targeted anyone who wasn’t a native born white protestant.

Lost Generation

Hemingway, Fitzgerald.

The Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of Interior (in charge of outdoors), Albert Fall, convicted of leasing government land to two oil executives in Teapot Dome, Wyoming.

Farmers

Experienced great depression before everyone else they had to take out loans to get land and machinery the value of their crops went down because now they were only feeding America and overproducing.

Coolidge Prosperity

A period of booming business ensued. Income went up 30%, there was little inflation and the standard of living increased.

Coolidge’s Pro-Business Policies

Reduced excise (tax on good within a country) and personal income taxes. Raised protective tariffs (foreign nations have to pay more for American goods). Called in loans from WWI. Regulatory agencies are now charged with “assisting, helping” business instead of regulating.

Black Tuesday

October 29th, 1929.

WWII

Helped the stock market and our United States economy improve.

The Immigration Act of 1924

Lowered immigration quotas. Immigration quotas were a way of limiting the number of immigrants that could come into the country. The Immigration Act of 1924 especially lowered the totals from eastern and southern Europe and excluded all immigration from Asia.

Hoover’s Attempts to Halt the Depression

“Trickle down” economic policy (tax break incentives to business- businesses can grow, and then the average worker could earn more). Gave money to railroads, mortgage and insurance companies, and banks to provide relief. Created federal works projects (Hoover Dam). Obtained voluntary agreements by businesses not to lower wages but it became more difficult as the companies faced collapse.

The Bonus Army

WWI veterans set up camp in DC to demand early payment of the bonus due to them for their war service. When congress didn’t do this, they refused to move. Hoover called for the military to break it up and newspapers showed pictures of tanks and tear gas that were used against war heroes.

Dust Bowl

Farmers lost even more money because people couldn’t buy food. Drought in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico.

Emergency Banking Act

FDR’s first act as President, shut down nations banks to stop collapse. Temporary.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

Various cities and states were given $500,000 to provide direct relief and work projects to help the unemployed. They could use it for whatever they needed it for.

Public Works Administration

Provided jobs through construction projects such as bridges, housing, hospitals and schools. Try to get people to work (these things needed to happen anyways).

Civilian Conservation Corps.

Provided work for 2.5 million young men (18-25) conserving natural resources. They couldn’t go to college. Local parks.

Works Progress Administration

Provided temporary jobs, building roads, public buildings, etc.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Provided flood control and cheap electricity to seven states, later ruled unconstitutional. Government controlling the price of business- it’s a state issue and they are overstepping.

National Industrial Recovery Act

Worked with businesses to help them recover maintained prices, minimum wages, and max hours- deemed unconstitutional in 1935. There shouldn’t be that much federal oversight.

Home Owners Loan Corporation

Created to help homeowners save their houses from foreclosure. Gave people fixed low interest rates and funds to pay off mortgages.

Federal Housing Administration

Let people take out mortgages for 20-30 years with down payments as low as 10%.

First Agricultural Adjustment Act

Raised farmers income by cutting surplus crops and livestock- paid farmers for reducing amount of acres- public was outraged by destruction of crops and animals- deemed unconstitutional in 1936.

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act

1938- paid farmers to store portions of overproduced crops until the price increased.

Glass Steagall Act

This law created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC)- guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $5,000.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Had authority to regulate stock exchanges, purchases, had regulations for investment advisors.

Social Security Act

Provided unemployment to workers, gave assistance to dependent children, elderly, ill, and handicapped. Those not working or too old to work are given money. We’ve had to start increasing the age of social security.

Wagner Act

Guaranteed labor the right to form unions and to practice collective bargaining.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Set the minimum wage at 25 cents and a maximum work week of 44 hours. It also banned child labor.

Commerce and elastic clauses of the Constitution

Passing relief measures that involved the federal government in the nation’s economy to a greater degree than ever before. This direct governmental action was justified by using these measures

Deficit Spending

the practice of spending more money than the government receives in revenue, usually to stimulate economic growth.

Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935)

The Court ruled that the law illegally gave Congress power to regulate intrastate commerce and violated separation of powers.

United States v. Butler (1936)

Struck down on the grounds that agriculture was a local, not an interstate matter under the Tenth Amendment.

Judicial Reorganization Bill or the “Court Packing Plan”

Intended to make the Supreme Court approve New Deal laws. It never became law because it threatened the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances.

Public Works Admin.

Spent several billion dollars to build large construction projects, roads, bridges, public buildings, playgrounds and golf courses.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop yields.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to conservation and natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments.

Federal Housing Admin.

Extended bank mortgages for 20-30 years and allowed for a down payment as low as 10 percent.

Wagner Act

Guaranteed labor rights and allowed for collective bargaining.

Security and Exchange Commission

Had to authority to regulate stock exchanges and investment advisors.

21st Amendment

Repealed Prohibition.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Provided jobs, electricity, and flood control to poor rural areas of seven states through dam construction on the Tennessee River and its tributaries.

Emergency Banking Act

Required the closure and inspection of banks to ensure that only financially sound banks were operating.

Social Security

Part of this program still provides living assistance to retired Americans.

National Recovery Act

The goal was to eliminate cut-throat competition by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of fair practices and set prices.

John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath

About Dust Bowl family who had to leave Oklahoma which deals with the hardships of an “Okie” family trying to escape the Dust Bowl.

FDR

Personable (he went on the radio and connected to the American people), He made people feel valued and gave them hope, Great communicator.

22 amendment

2 term presidency.

Frances Perkins

FDR appoints the first woman to a cabinet post

New Deal strategies

Deficit spending, government takes a regulatory role over banking and the stock market, government becomes more responsible for the people’s welfare, increased power to president and national government.

John Maynard Keynes’ theory regarding deficit spending

“Gotta spend money to make money” go into debt initially but in the end make money “pump priming” to get water from a well.

Objectives of the Reorganization Act or the Wheeler- Howard Act of 1934

Apologizes for Dawes Act, gives land back to native groups, gives money to native groups for schools and hospitals, encourages them to have tribal autonomy and to embrace their culture.

New deal coalition

Voting bloc including African Americans, women, minorities, working class, farmers, natives. Only people who don’t like Roosevelt were big businesses.

Neutrality

Deliberately taking no side in a dispute or controversy- they do not limit trade with other nations.

Isolationism

A national foreign policy of remaining apart from political or economic entanglements with other countries.

Totalitarian governments

One political party has total control over the government and bans all other parties.

Fascism

Places importance of the nation above all else and individual rights and freedoms are lost as everyone works to benefit the nation.

Lend-Lease Act

Allowed US to lend war materials “to any country whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the US”.

Executive Order 9066

1942- setting up internment camps. (Wartime Relocation Camps)

• if you joined the military you could avoid the camps

Korematsu vs. US

1944- The Supreme Court case upheld WRA camps were a reasonable wartime emergency measure.

Norman Rockwell’s: The Four Freedoms

Freedom of speech, worship, from want, from fear.

The Manhattan Project

code name for the development of the atomic bomb.

Little Boy

Uranium Based bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Fat Man

Plutonium based bomb dropped on Nagasaki.

Potsdam Declaration

Surrender or face complete and utter destruction.

Office of Price Administration

The government takes over the economy and all businesses had to work towards the war effort. Change prices.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

No one can strike in the time of war. We have to focus on the war effort.

Bracero Program

We opened the door to Mexico.

Double V Slogan

Victory over Nazism abroad. Victory over racism/segregation/discrimination at home.

GI Bill of Rights -Benefits

Education (free), pensions (wasn’t lifelong pensions, but lifelong benefits), health care for life, there’s always economic flux after a war, so if you don’t find a job right away the government will give you money.

Appeasement

Basically just giving the evil power something they want so that they don’t turn against you, and to avoid war.

Robert Oppenheimer

Led the Manhattan Project

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (aka GI Bill)

Gave benefits to veterans.

Taft-Hartley Act

Passed by a Republican Congress, it outlawed the “closed” (all union) shop and made unions responsible for damages that resulted from disputes amongst themselves. It also required labor union leaders to take a non-communist oath.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

US congressional committee established in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyal and subversive activities in the US, focusing on communist influence.

Smith Act

Said it was a crime to advocate for the violent overthrow of the government or to organize or belong to a group that advocated such actions. It was used during the Cold War to prosecute Communist leaders and communist suspects.

McCarthyism

The period of intense communist sentiment and political repression in the US during the 40s and 50s.

The Rosenberg’s

US couple, executed for conspiracy to commit espionage. They were convicted of passing secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

George F. Kennan’s Containment Doctrine

US strategy of preventing the spread of communism (Soviet Union).

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; counter Soviet threat during the cold war.

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance formed by the Soviet Union and eastern European countries as a response to NATO; served to solidify soviet control over eastern Europe.

Truman Doctrine

Policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology (Greece and Turkey).

Marshall Plan

Designed to rebuild western Europe; financial aid, food, machinery, goal of preventing communist expansion.

Jack Kerouac

Themes of spontaneity, rebellion, and nonconformity.

Arthur Miller

Themes of disillusionment, the American Dream, and the anxieties of the post -war era.

Checkers Speech

Speech given by Richard Nixon that saved his reputation after allegations of campaign fund misuse.

Great Society Plan

Aimed at improving standard of living and eliminating poverty.

Project Head Start

Provided education to preschoolers from low-income families.

Project Upward Bound

Assist high school students from low-income families to attend college.

Job Corps

To provide vocational training for high school dropouts.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

$1 billion in federal aid to education. Going to school districts with large numbers of students from low-income families. Required that schools be integrated.

Medicare

Amendments to the SSA provided health insurance to people of 65.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Cabinet post meant to oversee federal efforts to improve housing and aid economic development in cities. They have to be available for people of all different economic backgrounds.

Tinker v. Des Moines School District

Delt with silent expression in regards to the Vietnam War.

Engel v. Vitale

Banned a NYS Board of Regents prayer and any organized religion in schools.

Regents of U of Cal. v. Bakke

This case ruled that special admissions criteria for minority students violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Miranda v. Arizona

This case guaranteed that those accused of crimes need to know their rights at the time of their arrest. Particularly, their right to have an attorney and their right to remain silent.