APUSH Unit 6 Flashcards

Flashcards covering the key people, events, and ideas from the lecture on Unit 6 of APUSH (1865-1898).

New South

The vision for Southern culture, politics, and economics, emphasizing economic diversity, growth, and laissez-faire capitalism, after the Civil War.

Henry Grady

Editor of the Atlantic Constitution who coined the phrase 'New South' and advocated for the South's industrial and economic transformation.

Sharecropping

A system where individuals work the fields of a plantation owner in exchange for a portion of the harvest, often leading to debt and a cycle of poverty.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South, leading to the rise of racial segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Separate but Equal

Legal doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson, stating that racial segregation is constitutional as long as the separate facilities are equal in quality.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enacted in the Southern states that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement of black people.

Ida B. Wells

Editor of a black newspaper who fiercely editorialized against lynching and Jim Crow laws, later continuing her crusade in the North.

Henry Turner

Founder of the International Migration Society in 1894, which facilitated the migration of black Americans to Africa, specifically Liberia.

Booker T. Washington

Advocated for black people to focus on economic self-sufficiency rather than political equality as the primary means to gain power and equality.

Industrialization

The process of changing from making things locally or regionally to mass producing goods to be sold all over the world.

Bessemer Process

A method for making high-quality steel by blasting air through molten iron, enabling greater quantity and quality of steel production.

Telegraph

An innovation that connected various regions of The United States, communication could travel long distances and creating an international market for basic goods.

Telephone

An innovation that further contributed to these same effects Within a year of its development, Bell founded the Bell Telephone Company.

Gilded Age

A period in American history characterized by the rise of large corporations and trusts that dominated industries like railroad, steel, and oil.

John D. Rockefeller

Owner of Standard Oil, who used horizontal integration to control almost 90% of the oil industry by the late 1880s.

Horizontal Integration

A business practice where one company buys out all of its competitors until there is effectively no competition left.

Andrew Carnegie

Dominated the steel industry through vertical integration, acquiring all complementary industries that supported his business.

Vertical Integration

A business practice where a company acquires all the complementary industries that support its business.

Laissez-faire

Government policies involving very little government intervention or regulation over business practices.

Social Darwinism

The idea that strong nations should eat weak nations, and in this case strong companies should eat weak companies, as is the way of nature.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie argued that those with extraordinary wealth had a duty from invest their wealth back into society through generous acts of philanthropy.

Captains of Industry

A favorable opinion of them and their practices to industry leaders.

Robber Barons

The more negative connotation of their contribution to American society to industry leaders.

Conspicuous Consumption

Economist Thorstein Vablen coined a phrase for this kind of exhibitionism

The Biltmore House

Largest private residence in the nation, the Biltmore House was Vanderbilt's vacation home.

The Great Railroad Strike of eighteen seventy seven

Railroad companies cut wages to save money during a recession, and so unionized railroad workers went on strike to protest. The strike spread to 11 states and shut down more than 60% of the nation's railroads.

The Pullman strike

The Pullman company manufactured sleeping cars for trains, and when the Panic of eighteen ninety three hit, George Pullman decided that the best way to save money was to cut wages of his workers.

Knights of Labor

Was a truly national union which opened up its membership to anyone who wanted to join regardless of race including black laborers and women as well. Their main goals was the destruction of trusts and monopolies as well as the abolition of child labor.

American Federation of Labor

Labor union, which was an association of craft workers led by the indomitable Samuel Gompers. Much the same as the Knights of Labor higher wages, safer working conditions.

Immigration

Is when a group of folks moves from one country to another.

Migration

Is when a group of folks moves within the same country from region to region.

Exoduster movement

A mass migration of Southern Black people into the West. Terrified southern people abandoned the South and migrated to Kansas mainly, but also in Oklahoma and Colorado.

Colored Relief Board and the Kansas Freedmen's Aid Society

Organizations created to assist them in this movement, including.

Nativism

Is essentially a policy of protecting the interests of native born folks over against the interests of immigrants.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Argued that Anglo Saxon Americans were committing, and I quote, race suicide by allowing so many members of inferior races to intermingle with pure blooded Americans.

The American Protective Association

Which was a powerful organization against Catholics.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Was the crowning achievements against the Chinese. This law banned any further Chinese immigration to The United States, like all of it.

Jane Adams

Could see that the immigrants streaming into Chicago were suffering and therefore she sought to do something about it.

Hull House

To help immigrants better assimilate to American society so that they could find better economic and social opportunities. In the settlement houses, immigrants were taught English and their children were enrolled in early childhood education programs.

White collar workers

These middle managers kept the day to day operations of the company going. And since they got dressed up in their white suits and never got their hands dirty with manual labor.

Industrial capitalism

America was undergoing a massive change in the way it produced goods to be sold. Artisans and skilled laborers crafted items by hand to be sold on a small scale.

Laissez faire capitalism

The American government intervened very rarely in economic operations of businesses, and so without many regulations, these businesses flourished.

the single tax on land

Those elite folks who owned large tracts of land were gaining disproportionate amounts of wealth based on the value of that land, and therefore, they simply needed to be taxed more to even the playing field between them and the working class.

socialism

According to the dictates of socialism, all the means of production in a society should be owned and regulated by the community and benefit everyone more or less equally.

social gospel

Believed that Christian principles ought to be applied not just to oneself but to cure the ills of society as well. And in that vein, throughout the last twenty years of the nineteenth century, many Protestant preachers crusaded for social justice for the urban poor.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association, or NASA, which worked tirelessly to secure the franchise for women.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Crusaded for total abstinence from alcohol.

Carrie Nation

Said of herself that she was a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus barking at what he doesn't like. Said with a hatchet, which she carried into saloons and hacked at liquor barrels until they spilled their contents onto the floor.

Laissez Faire

just leave everything alone and eventually all shall be well. It was because of competition ,but these business leaders had so consolidated power in their respective industries that competition vanished

Frederick Jackson Turner

in its promise of a fresh start, not to mention the West was a democratizing force and that it largely leveled class and social hierarchies. Also was worried that once the frontier was gone, America would devolve into the same class conflicts that plagued EuropeansWho had no West to push into.

Dawes Act of 1887

the federal government officially abandoned the reservation system and divided reservation lands into 160 acre plots to be farmed by the Indians.