Week 10 DMN 1 Vocab

Flashcards covering key terms related to ruminant nutrition, including forages, feeding practices, and health conditions.

Grass Forages

Grass species such as ryegrass, timothy, bluegrass, and bermuda grass that provide fiber and energy to ruminants, maintaining proper rumen function.

Legume Forages

High-protein plants like clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil, used in pastures and hay, improving soil health and nutritional value.

Hay

Forage crops that are dried and preserved for ruminants during non-grazing seasons, such as alfalfa and timothy.

Silage

Fermented forage crops like corn or grass stored anaerobically, providing fiber and energy for ruminants.

Browse

Shrubs, leaves, and twigs consumed by ruminants, especially in forested areas, important for nutrient intake.

Browsers

Herbivores like goats and deer that primarily feed on woody plants and are selective in their food choices.

Grazers

Herbivorous animals like cattle and sheep that primarily feed on low-growing grasses and plants.

Feedlot Cattle

Beef cattle raised in intensive systems to promote rapid weight gain; housed in feedlots and fed a high-energy diet.

Concentrates

High-energy, low-fiber feeds providing concentrated nutrients to complement forages.

Energy Concentrates

Feeds primarily composed of carbohydrates and fats, offering dense energy, like grains and oils.

Protein Concentrates

High-quality protein sources mostly from oil extraction byproducts, such as soybean meal.

Acidosis

A condition caused by excessive carbohydrate fermentation leading to low rumen pH and potential bloat.

Antifoaming agents

Substances used to prevent or treat frothy bloat, such as poloxalene.

Bloat-prone pastures

Fields rich in legumes that increase the risk of bloat in ruminants.

Cud retention

Inability of ruminants to properly regurgitate and chew cud, possibly linked to bloat.

Drenching

The process of giving liquid medication orally, commonly used for treating bloat.

Eructation

The normal belching process in ruminants to expel rumen gases; impaired eructation can lead to bloat.

Forage type

Different types of pasture or feed consumed that can influence the risk of bloat.

Mineral oil

A lubricant sometimes used as a treatment for frothy bloat to break down foam.

Poloxalene

A surfactant used to prevent frothy bloat.

Rumen atony

Loss of rumen motility that can contribute to gas accumulation and bloat.

Rumenotomy

A surgical procedure to open the rumen for diagnosis and treatment of conditions.

Rumenocentesis

A procedure using a needle to collect rumen fluid for health diagnosis.

Ruminal fistula

An opening connecting the rumen to the external environment for management purposes.

Stomach tubing

A method to relieve gas buildup using a tube inserted into the esophagus.

Tympany

Another term for bloat due to gas buildup in the rumen.

Trocar and Cannula

A device inserted into the rumen wall to release gas in severe bloat cases.

Vagal indigestion

A condition affecting rumen motility that may lead to chronic bloat.

Bile

A fluid composed of water, bilirubin, cholesterol, electrolytes and bile salts that is generated within the liver.

Bilirubin

An intermediate product of erythrocyte-derived heme breakdown. Bilirubin is conjugated (made soluble) by hepatocytes, and secreted into bile canaliculi as a component of bile.

Hepatic sinusoids

The narrow vascular spaces that run parallel to hepatic cords and transport blood from the hepatic arteries and portal veins towards the central vein. The endothelial cells forming hepatic sinusoids are fenestrated, allowing for molecules to readily cross the endothelium and be taken-up by hepatocytes.

Ito cells

Interstitial cells located within the Space of Disse that function to store vitamin A and contribute to collagen deposition in tissue repair (healing).

Kupffer cells

Resident tissue macrophages of the liver located within the hepatic sinusoids.

Portal triad (portal tract)

A connective tissue structure within the liver that contains three prominent structures: bile ductule, hepatic artery, and portal vein. In addition, lymphatics are also located within the portal tracts.

Portal system

Circulatory pathway where blood flows from a capillary bed (a network of tiny blood vessels) into a vein, which then carries the blood to another capillary bed before returning to the heart. The hepatic portal system allows the liver to process nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract and filter out toxins before the blood enters the general circulation.

Space of Disse

The narrow space (not discernible by light microscopy) between hepatocytes and the hepatic sinusoids.