REFERENCE RANGE

136-145 mmol/L

Sodium Na+

40-220 mmol/day/24 hr

24 hour urine in Na+

136-150 mmol/L

CSF in Na+

below 136 mmol/L

Hyponatremia:

Below 125 mmol/L of Na+

artifactual or pseudohyponatremia

between 110-120 mmol/L

headache and lethargy

<110 mmol/L

severe cases; siezure and coma

3.4 - 5.0 mmol/L (meq/L)

Serum/ plasma in K+

<3.5 mmol/L

<2.5 mmol/L

Hypokalemia:

Symptoms:

>5.0 mmol/L

>7.0 mmol/L

Hyperkalemia:

Symptoms:

25-125 mmol/day/24 hour

24 hour urine in K+

98-107 mmol/L

serum/plasma in Cl-

110 -250 mmol/day/24 hour

24 hour urine in chloride (Cl-)

<99 mmol/L

Hypochloremia:

>109 mmol/L

Hyperkalemia:

0.63-1.0 mmol/L

1.2-2.1 meq/L

Serum/Plasma in Magnesium

<1.5 meq/L

Hypomagnesemia:

>2.5 meq/L

Hypermagnesemia:

5.7 meq/L

drowsiness with respiratory center depression

10-15 meq/L

coma and MI

<8.5 mg/dl

Hypocalcemia:

>10.5 mg/dl

Hypercalcemia: