the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
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encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system.
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storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time.
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retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
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sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while calling) before the information is stored or forgotten.
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long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
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implicit memory
retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness.
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automatic processing
unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
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explicit memory
retention of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve.
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effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.
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chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
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mnemonics
memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
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semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
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episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
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hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
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memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory.
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flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cell's firing potential. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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recall
memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
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recognition
memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
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relearning
memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time.
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retrieval cue
any stimulus (event, feeling, place, and so on) linked to a specific memory.
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priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
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mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood.
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serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
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amnesia
literally "without memory"—a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.
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memory trace
lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms.
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proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information.
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retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information.
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repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.
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reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.
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misinformation effect
when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information.
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source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.
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déjà vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
Studied by 2 people
