APUSH UNIT 1 Vocabulary

Land-bridge theory

Definition: most likely cause of how the Americas were populated

Cause: ice age congealed ocean into ice-packed glaciers, which lowered sea level. Low sea level exposed land bridge (connecting modern day siberia and alaska)

Effect: nomadic Asian hunters ventured across and ultimatly trecked and settled in North and South America (Ice age ended, glaciers melted, adventurers trapped)

Inca, Aztec, Maya

Definition: native Americans; Incas in Peru, Maya in Central America, and Aztec in Mexico

Cause: had advanced agricultural practices (maize built their strength)

Effect: fed large populations of people. Had elaborate cities, and mathematicians. All done without basic technology of wheel

Maize

Definition: modern day corn

Cause: highland Mexicans developed a wild grass into corn

Effect: became their staff of life, and the foundation of the complex, large-scale societies of Inca and Aztecs

Crusades

Definition: Holy war- a war fought for religious reasons

Cause: Europeans tried from 11th-14th centuries to take Holy Land from Muslims, but failed

Effect: While in Middle East, Crusaders acquired taste for goods in Asia and wanted a faster rout there, ultimately discovered new world by accident

Marco Polo

Definition: Italian adventurer who supposedly went to China for 20 yrs

Cause: Wrote book about wonders of China

Effect: Spiked European interest in a cheaper route to the East

Pre-Columbian Societies

Definition: Societies that were around before Christopher Columbus found America on accident. Examples are the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incans.

Cause: Societies were strong and well built

Effect: would be destroyed by Old World disease and violence

Portugal

Definition: First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.

Cause: Invented the Caravel

Effect: caravel allowed Portuguese to explore Africa (settling up trading posts) purchased gold and slaves

Old World

Definition: Africa, Europe and Asia. Only part of word known before American contact

Cause: many diseases and more people, so more advanced technology

Effect: made them toxic to New Wold natives

New World

Definition: Region that America's were called.

Cause: very isolated, so no immunities to old world diseases

Effect: old world disease and technology ruined them

Spain/Ferdinand and Isabella

Definition: Spain was a powerful country eager to outdo Portugal

Cause: Spain's long struggle with pushing Muslim Moors out was accomplished. this allowed Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to wed- uniting Spain

Effect: with Spain United they gained wealth and power and looked west to find a fast route to East Indies

Christopher Columbus

Definition: Italian seafarer who was sponsored by Isabella and Ferdinand to find E Indies

Cause: sailed west in search of a faster route to E Indies

Effect: landed in Bahamas on Oct. 12, 1492.

European Motivations for Exploration

Definition: Wealth, competition, trade, religion

Colombian Exchange

Definition: the exchanging of goods, slaves, religion, and disease across the Old and New worlds

Cause: Europeans wanted to bring New World goods to Old World, so they traded with Indians and used N American land for making New World products

Effects: the Colombian exchange initially had a decrease on world population due to spread of disease but eventually increased world population because of strong trade

Treaty of Tordedillas

Definition: a treaty that split the land in the new world between Portugal and Spain to reduce conflict

Cause: Spain wanted to claim the territory Columbus discovered

Effect: most of South America, Florida, Mexico, and Central America went to Spain, but Portugal got Brazil and areas in Africa and Asia

Antibodies

Definition: what protects someone from a disease

Cause: New World natives had been isolated from old world for so long they lost protective antibodies

Effect: when old world explorers came to new world they infected them

Conquistador

Definition: Spanish conquerors of the 16th century who came seeking wealth

Cause: Spanish had an incurable lust for gold

Effect: Spanish conquered Inca, and Aztecs in conquests. Mestizo race was created, Spanish experienced inflation due to increase in silver amount

Balboa

Definition: Spanish conquistador

Cause: God, Gold, an Glory motivated Spanish to fan out further into the new world

Effect: Vasco Nuñez Balboa was first European to discover Pacific Ocean

Magellan

Definition: Spanish conquistador

Cause: God, Gold, an Glory motivated Spanish to fan out further into the new world

Effect: Ferdinand Magellan was slain in the Philippines but one of his 5 vessels circumnavigated the globe

Coronado

Definition: Spanish

conquistador

Cause: on a quest for golden cities

Effect: what Francisco Coronado thought were gold cities were actually Adobe pueblos, wandered through AZ,NM, and as Far East as KS. He discovered the Grand Canyon and herds of buffalo

De Soto

Definition: Spanish conquistador

Cause: on a massive gold seeking expedition

Effect: Hernando De Soto discovered the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers, and mistreated Indians greatly

Ponce De Leon

Definition: Spanish conquistador

Cause: seeking gold (probably not fountain of youth)

Effect: was killed in Florida (which he first thought was an island) by an Indian arrow

Francisco Pizzaro

Definition: Spanish conquistador

Cause: Gold, Glory, God

Effect: conquered the Incan empire, and added a lot of silver to Spanish supply-ultimately leading to massive inflation

Hernan Cortes

Definition: Spanish conquistador

Cause: Gold, Glory, Gospel

Effect: wanted Montezuma's gold, went to war- conquered Aztecs with smallpox and better technology, temples were replaced with churches, natives decreased from 200M to 2M

Encomienda

Definition: allowed government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them

Cause: Spanish were experimenting for management systems in West Indies

Effect: implemented and was used as slavery, just not in the name

De las Casas

Definition: De Las Casas

Cause: God, sought justice for slaves under the encomienda system

Effect: encomienda remained

Montezuma

Definition: Aztec King

Cause: was kind to Hernan because he believed he was Quetzalcoatl, but recognized Spanish list for gold

Effect: attacked Spanish and lost due to disease weakening the army so it could he beaten

Quetzocuatl

Definition: white-skinned Aztec god

Cause: Aztecs believed Quetzocuatl would return from the Eastern sea

Effect: Hernan Cortes was white-skinned and ventured to the Aztec empire from

Eastern sea, so Aztecs believed he was their God and welcomed him

Tenochtitlan

Definition: Capitol of the Aztec empire, on island in center of a lake connect to mainland by crossways

Cause: rich metropolis that attracted Spanish

Effect: noche triste (sad night) Aztecs attacked- then Spanish laid siege to city. With the aid of smallpox the conquest was successful

Iberian Peninsula

Definition: peninsula in which Spain and Portugal are on

Mestizos

Definition: people mixed European and Indian heritage

Cause: conquistadors intermarried with Indians

Effect: an entirely new race of people was created, (displayed some Spanish tolerance for Indians)

Reconquista

Definition: The reconsidering of Spain by Spanish

Cause: 1492- after 10 years of siege the Morrish city of Grenada fell. Christians had retaken Spain

Effect: conquistadors were obsessed with status and honor and looked toward the new world

Giovanni Caboto/John Canbot

Definition: English explorer

Cause: other world powers were poking around the edges of Spanish domain

Effect: Jon Canbot explored the North Eastern coast of North America

Giovanni da Verrazano

Definition: Italian mariner

Cause: other world powers were poking around the edges of Spanish domain

Effect: French King sent Verrazano to probe the eastern seaboard

Jacques Cartier

Definition: French explorer

Cause: other powers looking around edges of Spain's territory

Effect: journeyed 100 miles up the St. Lawrence River

Popes Rebellion/New Mexico

Definition: the rebellion of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico against Priests and Spanish settlers

Cause: missionaries' efforts to suppress native customs provoked rebellion

Effect: destroyed every Catholic Church in the province and killed many catholic priests. Pueblos rebuild a Kiva in ruins of Spanish Sante Fé. Took almost 1/2 century for Spanish to get NM back

Kiva

Definition: religious sermonical chamber used by Indians in the new world

Cause: went Christian

Effect: when Spanish conquered Indian societies they tore down Kivas and replaced them with Catholic Churches

Father Junipero Serra

Definition: led Spanish missionaries

Cause: founded at San Diego he first chain of 21 missions. Gathered native Californians and Christianized them

Effect: christianized Indians lost contact with their native cultures,

Mission Indians

Definition: Indians who were Christianized by missionaries

Cause: father Serra and other Christianized many native Californians

Effect: these mission

Indians lost their culture and often their lives

Black legend

Definition: false concept that the conquistadors only killed and tortured the Indians, stole their gold, and infected them with smallpox

Cause: Spanish did misdeeds like the Mission Indians, Aztec and Incan conquests, and severing of one foot of natives after battle of acoma

Effect: Good deeds were obscured leading to black legend

Tierra del Fuego

Definition: bottom tip of South America

Cause: Ferdinand Magellan sailed around this tip on his quest to circumnavigate the globe

Effect: named after him

Henry VIII

Definition: English King

Cause: broke from the Roman Catholic Church

Effect: launched English into Protestant Reformation, when his 2nd daughter Elizebeth I took the throne Protestantism became dominant in England and rivalry with Spain increased

Protestantism

Definition: did not believe in pope/ Roman Catholic Church

Elizebeth I

Definition: Henry VIII second daughter

Cause: made England Protestant, crushed Irish rebellion, defeated Spanish Armada, backed and knighted sir Francis Drake

Effect: gave England a strong unified state under a popular monarch, a measure of religious unity, and a sense of nationalism

Ireland

Definition: island to the west of England

Cause: normally under English control, Catholic Ireland allied with Spain.

Effect: Spanish never amounted to much when it came to helping Ireland. England crushed Irish rebellion. England then took Catholic Irish lands an made them have Protestant land-lords from Scotland and England. This planted seeds of religious conflicts in Ireland even today

Sir Francis Drake

Definition: most famous and profitable English buccaneer

Cause: was backed financially by Elizebeth 1, sought out to loot and seize Spanish ships and settlements.

Effect: regained 4600% of his investors money, was knighted by Elizebeth,

Sea Dogs

Definition: independent acting English looters

Cause: energized by Elizebeth 1

Effect: returned much money to England by looting Spanish shops and settlements and promoted Protestantism

Newfoundland

Definition: first place English attempted to colonize

Cause: sir Humphrey Gilbert led the expedition but died on the sea

Effect: effort collapsed

Sir Walter Raleigh

Definition: brother of sir Humphrey Gilbert

Cause: inspired by his brothers death he wanted to colonize the new world

Effect: organized an expedition and landed on North Carolina's Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia. Named area in honor of Elizebeth's virgin state

Roanoke island

Definition: island in North Carolina off the coast of Virginia

Cause: weakly colonized by Sir Walter Raleigh

Effect: after several false starts the Roanoke colony was mysteriously swallowed into wilderness

Spanish Armada/Phillip II

Definition: Phillip II was king of Spain

Cause: Phillip used his imperial gains to get the Spanish Armada (which was the "invincible armada") to invade England. English sea dogs fought back against Spanish flotilla. English ships were much more maneuverable beating Spanish fleet then a storm scattered Spanish fleet.

Effect: Spanish Armada and Phillip II defeat marked the end of Spanish dominance. Spain would ultimately lose their colonies in holland and many of Their Caribbean islands. Spain was arrogant and lost

"Protestant Wind"

Definition: a storm that scattered the Spanish Armada after they were defeated

Cause: Spanish Armada was already heavily damaged by English ships then Protestant wind scattered them

Effect: finished touch on the battle that ended Spain's dominance

Primogeniture

Definition: A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family receives all of his father's land.

Cause: system of primogeniture made life hard and miserable for English men not of the birthright

Effect: after bad luck plagued early lone world enterprises the joint-stock company was Finally able to provide pool the capital of investors. Now sons not given to the birthright could look to the new world for a living

Joint-stock company

Definition: A company backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Cause: laws of primogeniture caused people to put their faith in joint-stock companies

Effect: joint stock companies were perfected- Virginia company (a joint stock company) got a charter from King James for a settlement in the new world

Virginia/London Company

Definition: English joint-stock company that was granted a land charter by James I

Cause: Virginia company's grant gave English colonists all the rights that the English had, keeping them safely under the crown

Effect: Virginia companies three ships landed near mouth of Chesapeake bay but were attacked by Indians and moved on to location up the james River. Named it Jamestown- founded May 24, 1607

Jamestown

Definition: first permanent settlement English made in America

Cause: Virginia company landed there as their 2nd choice, it was mosquito-infested an unhealthful

Effect: early years of Jamestown were miserable with many dying of starvation and disease

Northwest Passage

Definition: The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Cause: The desire to establish such a route motivated much of the European exploration of both coasts of North America.

Effect: couldn't get through the heart of America so looked north but too little as known to cross successfully

Captain John Smith

Definition: settler of Jamestown

Cause: smith was resourceful and young

Effect: took over leadership and saved Jamestown "he who shall not work shall not eat"

Starving Time

Definition: winter of 1609-1610

Cause: even with foodstuffs from

Indians colonists were malnourished

Effect: of the original 400 colonists only 60 survived. Colonists ate dogs, rats, cats, mice and sometimes dead corpses to live

Lord De La Warr

Definition: harsh governor who made Jamestown colonists stay in Jamestown

Cause: Jamestown colonists were fed up and were sailing home but were met by a relief party and new governor Lorde De La Warr

Effect: De La Warr imposed a harsh military regime on the colony and soon undertook aggressive action against Indians

Powhatan's Confederacy

Definition: loosely affiliated tribes all under the rule of chieftain Powhatan

Cause: English colonists knew all

Local Indians as part of the confederacy

Effect: inaccurately called all local Indians Powhatans

Irish "tactics"

Definition: a series of vicious attacks against Indians

Cause: Lorde De La Warr carried orders from Virginia company causing a declaration of war on Indians in the Jamestown region

Effect: Lorde De La Warr was an experienced vegetarian of vicious campaigns against Irish and introduced "Irish tactics" against Indians (burning houses, took provisions, torched cornfields)

John Rolfe

Definition: Virginian colonist, father of the tobacco industry

Cause: a peace settlement was agreed upon to end first Anglo-Powhatan war- John ROLFE and Pocahontas were wed

Effect: first interracial Union in Virginia

Pocahontas

Definition: daughter of cheftain Powhatan

Cause: Pocahontas was the bridge between the Indians and Colonists

Effect: though Pocahontas was wed to John Rolfe, peace was ultimately not kept and he was killed in an Indian attack

Tobacco

Definition: substance used for chewing and smoking

Cause: tobacco was an extremely profitable export and was planted everywhere

Effect: colonists wanted more land to plant more tobacco, pushing them further westward into Indian land

Representative self-government

Definition: which the citizens of a country (or smaller political unit, such as a state) rule themselves and control their own affairs.

Cause: representative self government was born in Virginia

Effect: Virginia Company Allowed settlers to summon an assembly known as the house of Burgesses

House of Burgesses

Definition: first of many mini parliaments to flourish in America

Cause: Virginia company allowed colonists to have the house of burgesses assembly

Effect: James I hated the House of Burgesses, revoked the charter, then bankrupt and beleaguered the Virginia company. Made Virginia a royal colony

Indentured Servants

Definition: penniless persons who bound themselves to work for a number of years to pay off their passage

Cause: for decades Africans cost too much for white colonists so they used indentured servants and had them

Work tobacco- a poor man's crop

Effect: indentured servants didn't work in West Indies where rich men hired Africans to work

Sugarcane- rich man's crop

Lorde Baltimore/Maryland

Definition: Maryland was the second plantation colony and the 4th English colony. Founded by Lorde Baltimore a member of a prominent catholic family.

Cause: Baltimore wanted to reap financial profits and creat a new refuge for his fellow Catholics

Effects: there were tensions because of better respected Catholics and poor Protestants, but Maryland prospered.

Act of Toleration

Definition: religious statute in Maryland guaranteeing total toleration to all Christians but decreed death penalty for those who denied Jesus's divinity

Cause: tensions between rich, privileged Catholics and humble (but numerous) Protestants continued. Catholics feared Protestants and put their hope in the act of toleration

Effect: extended temporary cloak of protection to Catholics

West Indies

Definition: Caribbean islands

Cause: England had secured many of what were Spain's islands in West Indies (Jamaica was

Big prize). Sugarcane formed the West Indian economy

Effect: sugar lords imported enormous numbers of enslaved Africans to work their plantations. Slaves outnumbered whites 4:1. Whites feared rebellion

Barbados Slave Code

Definition: denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers.

Cause: slave masters feared revolt because of how badly they were outnumbered

Effect: Barbados slave code was implemented to prevent revolt

Olivier Cromwell

Definition: ruled England for nearly a decade

Cause: Charles I recalled parliament, causing mutinous parliament members and civil war.

Effect: Cromwell beheaded Charles I but a decade later Charles II was restored to the throne

Restoration person

Definition: time after civil war in England

Cause: England colonized with greater intensity and royal involvement

Effect: Carolina, named after Charles II was created

William Penn/ Quakers

Definition: Quakers were the religious society of friends, led by William Penn

Cause: hated warfare, more liberal church

Effect: had excellent relations with Indians

Charles Town

Definition: busiest seaport in the south, named after King Charles II

Cause: many sons who were not subject to primogeniture's benefits came to Charles Town

Effect: Gave Charles Town a rich Aristocratic flavor.

Squatters

Definition: people without legal right to the soil they live/farm on

Cause: old poverty sticker outcasts came from Virginia to northern Carolina and squatted on the land

Effect: NC had a very strong sense of independence between aristocratic SC and Virginia. After friction from governors Carolina was split into N and S Carolina

Georgia/James Oglethorpe

Definition: 13th colony, named after King George II, it was intended to be a buffer colony to protect the Carolinas from Spanish attacks.

Cause: Georgia was funded by philanthropists who wanted to protect northern colonies, make silk and wine . and find haven for people in debtor jail, James Oglethorpe was largest funder who was motivated after his friend died

In debt jail.

Effect: Oglethorpe repelled Spanish attacks- saved the "charity colony" with his leadership and wealth

Charity colony

Definition: nickname for Georgia because it was built off philanthropy

Longhouse

Definition: building block of Iroquois society, families lived together in long houses based of their maternal line. When

A man was married he moved to his wife's longhouse.

Religious toleration

Definition: allowing people to practice their own religious beliefs

Cause: the hamlet of savanna was a diverse community

Effect: displayed religious toleration to everyone but Catholics; all colonies displayed some form

Of religious toleration

Anglican Church/Church of England

Definition: the Church of England or Anglican Church was the dominant faith in the colonies

Cause: supported by taxes

Effect: dominant faith except for in independent minded NC

Soil butchery

Definition: when tobacco is gown excessively messing up the soil

Cause: colonists needed new land to farm tobacco because they'd butchered the land near them

Effect: caused colonists to push further west, making more confrontation with Indians

Mourning wars

Definition: a way that the Iroquois further expanded their numbers

Cause: Iroquois adopted captives and refugees on a large scale

Effect: made Iroquois more numerous and powerful

League of the Iroquois

Definition: the Iroquois confederacy- Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas

Cause: founded by leaders Deganawidah and Hiawatha

Effect: became a great military power until

The American Revolution when the Iroquois couldn't reach a consensus on whether to side with the French of British. Most sided with British and British won. However Iroquois Confederacy was left in tatters

Handsome Lake

Definition: Iroquois Indian

Cause: on the reservations Iroquois lost moral and handsome lake had a vision that if his people did not stop their moral decile they would not endure

Effect: Many Iroquois listened and found better morals and took part in family life. Handsome Lake's teachings still live on

Martin Luther:

Definition: founder of the Protestant church

Cause: Luther denounced the authority of the priests and popes, by declaring that the Bible alone was the source of God's word

Effect: started the Protestant reformation

Counter Reformation

Definition: was the period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War

John Calvin

Definition: founder of Calvinism

Cause: Calvin believed in the elect (predestination)

Effect: Calvinism became dominant faith of New England and other American settlers

Calvinism

Definition: a Christian faith focusing on the elect, and visible conversion where God reveals to someone that they are the elect

Puritans

Definition: people who wanted to see the total purification of English Christianity

Cause: puritans were often from the commercially depressed woolen districts and found comfort in Calvinism's eternal promises

Effect: puritans wanted change faster

Predestination

Definition: from the first moment of creation every soul is already predestined to go to heaven or hell

Cause: basis principle of Calvinism

Effect: plagued Calvinists with doubts of if they were part of the elect or not

The elect

Definition: souls that are destined for eternal bliss in the Calvinist religion

Cause: basis principle of Calvinism

Effect: because no one is certain of their status into heavenly ledger Calvinists were paranoid if they were actually part of the elect

Visible saints

Definition: persons who felt the stirrings of grace in their souls and could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans

Separatists

Definition: puritans who vowed to break away from the Church of England completely

Cause: the Church of England enrolled all of the Kings subjects. So, the "saints" had to sit with the "damned"

Effect: people who were against that were known as separatists. Created a new branch of Puritanism

Pilgrims/Plymouth

Definition: pilgrims were the separatist puritans who settled Plymouth.

Cause: pilgrims had led to holland but didn't want their children "dutchified"

Effect: they worked out a deal with the Virginia company and secured rights

To settle under its area

Mayflower

Definition: the vessel that the Plymouth pilgrims took, mayflower missed its mark but made a number of preliminary surveys then chose Plymouth Bay. They actually were squatting on the land because their charter was not for that area

Mayflower compact

Definition: agreement to form a crude government and submit to the will of the majority of the regulations agreed upon

Cause: promising step toward genuine self government

Effect: aided in the forming of Plymouth pilgrim government

William Bradford

Definition: chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times, self taught scholar

Cause: worried that non-Puritans would ruin his experiment

Effect: secular villages did sprout to the north of Plymouth

John Winthrop

Definition: Bay Colony's first governor

Cause: believed he had a calling from God to lead the new religious experiment

Effect: made bay colony biggest and most influential of New England's outposts

Archbishop William Laud

Definition: highly orthodox archbishop

Cause: wanted to discredit puritans

Effect: said they were "swine which rooted in God's vineyard"