personality psych unit 2 chatgpt review

Psychodynamic

personality = interaction of conscious + unconscious forces

Psychic determinism

all behavior has a cause (often unconscious)

Topographical model (3)

• Conscious → aware (reality principle)

• Preconscious → filters unconscious

• Unconscious → unaware (pleasure principle)

Components of Freud’s model of the psyche (3)

• Id → pleasure, impulsive

• Ego → reality, mediator

• Superego → morality, conscience

Psychosexual stages (5)

• Oral → dependence

• Anal → control

• Phallic → identity/superego

• Latency → pause/learning

• Genital → maturity

Defense Mechanisms (8)

• Denial → refuse reality

• Repression → block memory

• Reaction formation → opposite behavior

• Projection → blame others

• Displacement → redirect target

• Sublimation → productive outlet

• Humor → relieve tension

• Defensive pessimism → expect worst

Psychoanalytic therapy

bring unconscious → conscious

Neo-Freudians

↓ libido, ↑ relationships & conscious

Learning

behavior change from experience

Behaviorism

focus on observable behavior

• explains personality as shaped by the environment and learning

Increase Operant Conditioning

• + Reinforcement → reward

• – Reinforcement → remove bad

Decrease Operant Conditioning

• + Punishment → add bad

• – Punishment → remove good

Behavior modification

use rewards to change behavior

Token economy

reward system

Behavioral activation

encourage actions that lead to positive reinforcement

Classical Conditioning

Learning by associating two stimuli together

• UCS → UCR

  • naturally produces a response, natural reaction

• CS → CR

  • initially neutral, becomes associated, learned response

Observational learning

learn by watching (Bandura)

Reciprocal determinism

behavior ↔ environment ↔ personality

Expectancies

beliefs about outcomes based on past experiences

Locus of Control

• Internal → “I control outcomes”

• External → “luck/others control outcomes”

Type of generalized expectancy

Goal, Motives, and Needs

Needs → Motives → Goals

• Needs = basic survival

• Motives = drives

• Goals = outcomes

Approach vs Avoidance

• Approach → pursue rewards

  • associated w extraversion

• Avoidance → avoid negative outcomes

  • associated w neuroticism

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (5)

• Physiological

• Safety

• Love/Belonging

• Esteem

• Self-Actualization

Lower needs must be met before higher ones (physiological first)

Implicit Motives (Murray)

unconscious motivations that drive behavior

• nAch → achievement, desire to accomplish goals independently

  • goal-oriented behavior

  • similar to esteem needs (Maslow)

• nPow → power, desire to influence others

  • leadership/control behavior

• nAff → affiliation, relationships

  • social/relationship-seeking behavior

  • similar to belonging needs (Maslow)

Measured with projective tests (TAT, stories)

Huministic psychology

focus on growth, free will, creativity, human potential

• Abraham maslow

Cross-sectional studies

different people, one time

• pros: efficient

• cons: cohort effects

Longitudinal

same people over time

• pros: more control

• cons: time, cost, attrition

Temperament

inborn traits → become personality

Development Trends

• Childhood → more control

• Adolescence → ↑ openness, ↑ maturity

• Adulthood → ↑ conscientiousness, ↓ neuroticism

Self-Esteem

↓ early teens → ↑ adulthood

Birth order effect on personality

→ very small effect (~1–4%)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stages (8)

• Trust vs mistrust: infants, caregiver consistency

• Autonomy vs shame: independence and self-control or feel doubt and shame

• Initiative vs guilt: take initiative and act on ideas or feel guilty for doing so

• Industry vs inferiority: competence and skills or feel inferior compared to others

• Identity vs role confusion: adolescence

• Intimacy vs isolation: young adults

• Generativity vs stagnation: adults contribute to society and future generations or feel unproductive

• Integrity vs despair: older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret

Impact of psychodynamic approaches

Influenced psychology broadly and contributed many ideas to popular culture and psychotherapy

Criticisms of psychodynamic approaches

• Too focused on sex

• Unscientific

• Based on case studies (bias)

• Vague/untestable

• Ethical concerns

Personal unconscious (Jung)

individual experiences

Collective unconscious (Jung)

shared human experiences

Extraversion vs Introversion (Jung)

outward vs inward focus

Ego functions

• Thinking vs Feeling

• Intuition vs Sensation

• Judging vs Perceiving

How does learning relate to individual differences?

People behave differently because they have different learning experiences and environments

How does reinforcement/punishment impact personality?

Repeated reinforcement/punishment shaped stable behavior patterns, which become part of personality

How does behavior modification affect personality?

Changing behavior repeatedly can alter long-term personality patterns

Generalized Expectancies

Broad beliefs about whether actions lead to rewards or punishments

Socialization

process by which children learn to become members of society

Social Learning Theories

Explain behavior using social + cognitive factors, not just reinforcement

• Notable theorists: Bandura (obervational learning), Rotter (locus of control)

Progress Monitoring

Tracking progress helps maintain motivation and improvement

Immediate Rewards

Small, immediate rewards reinforce behavior quickly

Social Incentives

Support and accountability from others help change behavior

How does learning affect personality?

• Operant conditioning (rewards/punishments)

• Classical conditioning (associations)

• Social learning (observing others)

• Environment interaction

Repeated behaviors→ become stable personality traits

Self-Determination Theory

A theory of motivation that says people are driven by three basic psychological needs:

• Autonomy → control over your actions

• Competence → feeling capable

• Relatedness → connection to others

One-line memory: control, skill, connection

• If those 3 needs are met → higher motivation + well-being

SDT vs Murray

• SDT → universal psychological needs

• Murray → individual differences in motives

Intrinsic Motivation

doing something for internal enjoyment or interest

Extrinsic Motivation

doing something for external reward or outcome

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Goals

• Intrinsic goals → personal growth, relationships

  • greater well-being

• Extrinsic goals → money, status, image

  • lower well-being

Overjustification Effect

External rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation

Motivation is driven by:

• Needs → motives → goals

• Internal vs external drivers

  • Conscious + unconscious processes

How does personality change over time?

personality become more stable w age, but still shows gradual change

How does personality differ across the lifespan?

• Childhood → less stable, more reactive

• Adolescence → increasing maturity and understanding

• Adulthood → more stable and consistent personality

Differences between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

• Cross-sectional = snapshot

• Longitudinal = development over time

Temperament relation to Big Five

• Positive affect → Extraversion

• Affiliativeness → Agreeableness

• Effortful control → Conscientiousness

• Negative affect → Neuroticism

• Orienting sensitivity → Openness

Temperament change adolescence to adulthood

• Childhood → increasing emotional and behavioral control

• Adolescence →

  • ↑ openness

  • ↑ conscientiousness

  • ↑ agreeableness

Personality in adulthood

Personality becomes more stable and “mellow” over time

Narcissism

A personality trait characterized by self-focus, entitlement, and need for admiration

Quantum Change

A sudden, dramatic shift in personality or behavior

Often linked to:

• major life events

• emotional or psychological experiences

Social Investment Theory

Personality changes as people invest in social roles (e.g., work, relationships)

Impact of Life Events

Specific life events can cause changes in personality traits, but effects vary by individual

Personality predicting life outcomes

Certain traits predict outcomes:

• Conscientiousness → better health, job performance

• Other traits relate to behavior and success patterns

Epigenetic Principle of Maturation

Development occurs in a fixed sequence of stages, each building on the previous (Erik Erickson: Psychosocial Development)

Comparison: Freud vs Erikson

• Freud → psychosexual stages, early childhood focus

• Erikson → psychosocial stages across entire lifespan