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Ms. Riggio's Class 2024-2025 - Unit 3 Test 10/2/24 - Land-based Empires, Tokugawa Shogunate Japan, Manchu China, Protestant Reformation, Absolutism
Roman Catholic Church
The most powerful force in Medieval Europe, dominating everyday life, politics, and influencing kings through threats of excommunication.
Babylonian Captivity
A period of Church history when the papacy was moved to Avignon, France, from 1309 to 1377.
Black Death
A devastating pandemic that struck Europe in the 14th century, leading to widespread death and social upheaval.
Erasmus
Dutch humanist who advocated for the translation of the Bible into the vernacular, emphasizing the study of scripture.
Martin Luther
German Monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation, objecting to the Church's sale of indulgences and corruption.
Johann Tetzel
German Priest authorized by the Pope to sell indulgences for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
95 Theses
Formal statements by Martin Luther criticizing indulgences, emphasizing salvation through faith and the Bible's accessibility to all.
Printing Press
Invention that facilitated the rapid spread of ideas, such as Luther's, by enabling the mass production of texts.
Pope Leo X
Medici Pope who excommunicated Luther and condemned his teachings as heretical.
Diet of Worms
Religious council under Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that declared Luther a heretic for his teachings.
Lutheranism
Religious movement following Luther's teachings, emphasizing vernacular services, rejection of indulgences, and marriage of clergy.
John Calvin
French Protestant leader who emphasized predestination and the sole authority of the Bible in religious matters.
Predestination
Belief that God has already chosen who will be saved, leading to a devout life as one's fate is predetermined.
Calvin's Geneva
City where John Calvin established a theocracy, enforcing strict religious laws and moral conduct.
English Reformation
Led by King Henry VIII to separate the English Church from papal authority, motivated by political rather than religious reasons.
Annul
To declare a marriage invalid or void, as sought by Henry VIII to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Act of Supremacy
Legislation establishing the English Monarch as the head of the English Church, removing papal authority.
Council of Trent
Catholic council aimed at reforming the Church, emphasizing salvation through faith and good deeds, and combating corruption.
Inquisition
Church court system employing torture and execution to eradicate heresy, including the Index of Prohibited Books.
Secrecy
Used in testimony, torture, and execution to root out heretics
Index of Prohibited Books
Resulted in new torture methods and witch hunts
Jesuits
Religious order combating heresy and spreading Catholicism
Ignatius of Loyola
Spanish Knight who founded the Society of Jesus
Divine Right
Monarchs derive power directly from God
Philip II of Spain
Powerful Spanish monarch, Defender of the Faith
Spanish Armada
Fleet defeated by England, marking Spain's decline
Bourbons of France
Monarchs including Henry IV and Louis XIV
Louis XIV
Powerful Bourbon Monarch known as the Sun King
Ivan IV
Russian Czar known as 'The Terrible'
Peter the Great
Russian Czar who westernized Russia
Catherine the Great
Russian ruler who modernized and westernized Russia
Tudors of England
Monarchs including Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary I, Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I
Strong Protestant ruler of England, the Virgin Queen
Thirty Years War
Conflict between Protestant North and Catholic South in Germany
Ottoman Empire
Began as a small Turic warriors group, lasted from the 14th to the early 20th century, successfully conquered territory in eastern Europe.
Rise of the Ottomans
Captured Constantinople in 1453, reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent, controlled water traffic between Black and Mediterranean Seas.
Women in the Ottoman Empire
Initially had more rights, later veiled and secluded, maintained power in royal court, had property rights and influence in politics.
Janissaries
Elite military group, checked by Janissaries, utilized muskets, grenades, and small cannons, gained political and economic power.
Ottoman Empire Economic Challenges
Economic decline by mid-17th century, corruption, high taxes, inflation from New World silver, resistance to tax reforms.
Ottoman Tax Farming
Form of tax farm in 15th century Ottoman Empire, abolished during Tanzimat reforms, sold to wealthy notables, extracted agricultural production.
Ottoman Empire Cultural and Social Characteristics
Majority Sunni Muslims, large numbers of Christians and Jews, supported public works, large number of merchants and artisans.
Ottoman Empire Falls Behind
Conservative religious leaders insulated empire from new developments, prevented adoption of western technology and ideas.
Safavid Empire
Grew from Turkish nomadic group, Shi'ite Muslims, came into conflict with Ottomans, led by Shah Abbas I at its peak.
Second Battle at Chaldiran
Took place in 1514, set limits for Shi'ite expansion, consequences still apparent today in the Middle East.
Shah Abbas I
Safavid leader at the peak, captured boys in Russia to be soldiers, brought in European advisors for wars against Ottomans.
Safavid Empire: Politics and Religion
Rulers based authority on military prowess and religious authority, tracing it to a Sufi religious order. Expansion viewed as extending Islam to new lands.
Safavid Empire: Social
Turkish chiefs evolved into a warrior elite, similar to the Ottoman Empire's cavalry elite. Shahs appointed Persians to bureaucratic roles and gave authority to slave infantrymen.
Safavid Empire: Economic
Shahs supported trade, with Isfahan as a major trade center. The empire had a network of roads and workshops for textiles and rugs, guilds, silk production, and carpets as a signature business.
Safavid Empire: Cultural
A blend of Turkish and Persian cultures, with a strong Persian identity maintained through traditions like poetry, history, drama, and fiction. Safavids combined Sufi mysticism with political goals.
Mughal Empire
Established in 1523 by Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan. Reached its peak under Akbar, incorporating rajas into the military and bureaucracy.
Mughal Political Organization
Autocratic rule based on military might and religious authority, with succession issues among Mughal princes. Akbar pursued a policy of cooperation with regional Hindu leaders.
Mughal Empire: Economic
Controlled commercial networks based on cotton, indigo, and silk. Indian goods were in high demand in Europe, leading to trade with European nations.
Women in the Mughal Empire
Women faced low status, child marriage, and strict seclusion. Sati, the practice of self-immolation, was present despite being outlawed.
Mughal Culture
Religious conflicts influenced society. Akbar attempted to unite different beliefs under a Divine Faith. Sikhism emerged as a community free of caste distinctions.
Shogun
Top military authority in feudal Japan, wielding the most real power.
Daimyos
Powerful territorial lords in feudal Japan with a great deal of local control.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Japanese leader who unified Japan in the late 1500s after breaking the power of warring daimyos.
Bushido
The unwritten law code for samurai in feudal Japan, stressing frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery, and honor until death.
Neo-Confucianism
Philosophical system that influenced the development of Bushido and samurai culture during the Tokugawa era in Japan.
Seven virtues of Bushido
Rectitude, courage, benevolence, respect, honesty, honor, loyalty - the core values of the samurai code.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Centralized government established in Japan in 1603 under Tokugawa Ieyasu, lasting until 1868.
Bakufu
Term used interchangeably with Tokugawa Shogunate, meaning 'tent government' but was not actually temporary.
Confucianism, Buddhism, Shintoism
Major cultural influences in Tokugawa Japan, shaping societal norms and values.
Woodblock printing
Printing method used in Tokugawa Japan that allowed for mass production of reading materials.
Kabuki
Form of Japanese theatre involving drama, singing, dancing, and elaborate staging, popular in urban settings.
Portuguese traders and missionaries
European arrivals in Japan in the 16th century, followed by Dutch, Spanish, and English merchants.
Isolationism
Policy adopted by Japan from 1650 to 1850, cutting off contact with most foreign countries while still trading with China, Korea, and Southeast Asia.
Yuan Dynasty
Established by Mongols in China in 1271
Kublai Khan
Implemented oppressive tax-farming system in Yuan Dynasty
Forbidden City
Palace complex in Beijing built by Mongols
Grand Canal
Artificial river connecting Beijing and Hangzhou
Confucian Scholars
Initially involved in Yuan government but displaced by Mongols
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that overthrew the Yuan in 1368
Emperor Yongle
Ming Emperor who moved capital to Beijing and promoted Confucian learning
Civil Service Exam
System reinstated by Ming to select government officials
Porcelain
Ming China's famous blue-on-white pottery
Zheng He
Muslim eunuch who led Ming maritime expeditions
Dhow
Moderate-sized ship used in the Western Indian Ocean
Caravel
Small Portuguese ship for ocean travel
Junk
Chinese trade ship designed for long-distance voyages
Tribute System
Chinese foreign policy of receiving tribute from distant peoples
Manchus
Foreign nomads who founded the Qing Dynasty
Emperor Kangxi
Strong Qing Emperor known for military leadership
Emperor Qianlong
Qing Emperor who brought prosperity and cultural richness
Foot Binding
Practice popular in Qing China restricting women's feet
Neoconfucianism
Philosophical movement in Ming and Qing China
Yongle's Encyclopedia
Massive Chinese encyclopedia sponsored by Emperor Yongle
Book of the Golden Lotus
Popular Ming and Qing novel
Dream of the Red Chamber
Famous Qing Dynasty novel
Calligraphy
Art of beautiful writing highly valued in Chinese culture
Porcelain Production
Major art form in Ming and Qing China
Scholar-Gentry
Educated elite who led refined lives in Ming and Qing China
Yongle's Collection of Books
Literary collection sponsored by Emperor Yongle
Qing Dynasty Prosperity
Economic growth based on agriculture and trade
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