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class, gender, ethnicity and social policy
ethnic group
people who share a common history, customs, religion, language and social identity
material deprivation
lack of physical necessities that are essential for a life in todays society like food, housing, heating. these can make you ill and stay off school
Individual racism
based in and results from individually held prejudices
instuitutional racism
systematically built into the way organisations operate
idealised feminine identity
loyalty to girls peer groups, non competitive
sexualised identity
competing for boys in dating culture
symbolic capital
status, recognition and sense of worth that students get from others
symbolic violence
harm done by denying someones symbolic capital
bedroom culture (angela mcrobbie 1991)
subcultures created by girls that allow them to develop communication skills, needed and valued by school
feminisation of education
education has become a female dominated environment
individualisation
theory of decision taking by the individual
national curriculum
some core subjects with only limited amount of options
self fulfilling prophecy
when student internalises and acts out as a label given to them
premier league reading stars
helps to get boys interested in literacy by using football. makes reading less girly
WISE
women in science and engineering
GIST
girls in science and technology
gender domain
tasks that girls see as their territory and what boys see as theirs
further education
6th form
higher education
university
anti school subculture
group of people who dont like school for various reasons, usually seen in working class students due to bullying and the way teachers treat them
culture clash
values taught at home are different to the ones taught at school
developed world
basic needs are provided e.g clean water, access to food, technology and healthcare
developing world
basic needs aren’t provided
NEET
not in education, employed or training. Usually the working class, higher risk for mental illness, teen pregnancy, do drugs, involved in crime
cultural deprivation theory
working class students are socialised properly by parents. Parents are more likely to not teach the value of education as they dont value it
fatalism
sociologists believe we are powerless and everything is set. nothing you can do about your status
deferred gratificatin
a reward that is receieved later on. e.g work hard now and get good results in exams (benefits MC)
cultural capital
particular set of valies, tastes, intrests and knowledge lead to material rewards and success, founded by bordieu
what did Bernstein find
elaborated and restrictive speech codes
what did sugarman find
working class more likely to use immediate gratification where as middle class are more likely to use differed gratification which is the same as what schools use
habitus
cultural framework and set of ideas from each social class into which people are socialised in, this influences taste in music, films, newspaper
compensatory education policy
putting money towards younger working class children so they have a fair chance
collectivism
social group is more important than school, usually seen in working class
equality of access
every child should have the same right of opportunities to access education, no unfair selection
equality of circumstances
children should be of a similar socio- economic status when they start school
equality of participation
everybody should have equal chances at school
equality of outcome
everybody can share in the benefits of schooling
positive discrimination
discrimination by giving priority to people at a disadvantage
selection by ability
students assessed on their ability and intelligence
selection by aplitude
students are picked based on how good they are at certain subjects
selection by fauth
legally allowed to select faith if the school has faith characteristics. 5% have to be out of faith
immediate gratification
seeking pleasure now instead of making sacrifices now and getting rewards in the future
present time orientation
the present is more important than the future, won’t have any long term goals
labelling
if student doesn’t fit the ideal pupil teachers are less willing to help
streaming
students placed in lower sets and streams due to teacher labelling
polarisation
respond to streaming by moving to a pro school subculture or an anti school subculture
differentiation
form of streaming, students in higher sets have a higher status
pupil identities
working class students exclude themselves from education as it doesn’t fit their identity or way of life. they see succeeding in education as undesirable and unrealistic
conformists
students who are keen to succeed, accepted the schools goals
innovators
students who are pro eduction but anti school, value success but not the teachers approval
retreatists
students who disconnect from the school and make subcultures out of it
rebels
students who rejected the schools goals, and conformed to the sterotupe of the ‘black macho lad‘. black masculinity equates with sexual experience.
meritocratic
all pupils have an equal chance to succeed through talent and abilities, irrespective of class, gender, ethnicity etc
policy
program put into place to prevent inequalities, done by government
privatisation
ran by a private business, focuses on making profit
neo liberalism
suggests resources are more efficiently managed by private businesses
globalisation
the way countries are connected, sharing and exchanging ideas, increased due to technology, transport and shares
parentrocracy
parents having major say in where the children goes to school
grammer school
select students who got highest marks in the 11+ test
secondary technical school
school that focuses on a technical subject e.g mechanics
secondary modern school
less academic than a grammar school, more practical
pupil premium
money the school gets if they have children with disadvantages at school
academies
schools directly funded by central government but not controlled by local government
comprehensive
state schools that dont select their intake on academic achievement or aptitude, use catchment areas
what policies were introduced in 1944, butler act
11+ test exams which allocated students to 3 types of school
what policies were introduced in 1965
many schools universally replaced with comprehensive schools, open universities created, start of compensatory education
what policies were introduced in 1979
work based training, youth training scheme started
what policies were introduced in 1988, education reform act
marketisation, introduction of national curriculum, SATs, league tables + OFSTED reports
what policies were introduced in 1977
academies, privitisation, sure start (third way policies)
what policies were introduced in 2010-2015
free schools, EMA/ sure start reduced, pupil premium, GCSE and A level changes
free school
free to attend but set up by parents or other communities group not local authority
subculture
A smaller group within the main-stream culture of a society, that are in some ways different from main-stream culture
hidden curriculum
informal learning processes that happen in school, teaches students norms and values of society
ideological state apparatus
set of ideas which legitimise the capitalist unfair system by benefiting the ruling class
universalistic education system
education system treats everyone the same way, without seeing people as individually different
correspondence principle
education mirrors the world of work to prepare them
particularistic values
values and rules that only apply to a specific person
universalistic values
values and rules that apply to all members of society equally
culture
norms and values shared by a social group that are passed across generations through socialisation
ideology
set of ideas, values and beliefs that help justify the interests of a dominant group
postmodernity
perspective that sees society as changing rapidly leading to uncertainty and risk as well as being more diverse so more than one theory is needed
social mobility
movement of individuals or groups in the hierarchy of class in society
culture of poverty- monyinhan
children who were inadquetly socilaised due to lone parents are more liekly to be inadequate adults and become poor
skill choosers
mc parents are better at choosing schools for their children
covert selection
schools use different techniques to select students that come to the school
cream skimming
entrance exams to get into school, allows the school to choose the best performers making the school better
silt sifting
trying to get rid of students that aren’t considered good
cherry picking
choosing students that are the best in school to get a better reputation
social stratification
society divided by layers of factors
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