sociology in education key words

class, gender, ethnicity and social policy

ethnic group

people who share a common history, customs, religion, language and social identity

material deprivation

lack of physical necessities that are essential for a life in todays society like food, housing, heating. these can make you ill and stay off school

Individual racism

based in and results from individually held prejudices

instuitutional racism

systematically built into the way organisations operate

idealised feminine identity

loyalty to girls peer groups, non competitive

sexualised identity

competing for boys in dating culture

symbolic capital

status, recognition and sense of worth that students get from others

symbolic violence

harm done by denying someones symbolic capital

bedroom culture (angela mcrobbie 1991)

subcultures created by girls that allow them to develop communication skills, needed and valued by school

feminisation of education

education has become a female dominated environment

individualisation

theory of decision taking by the individual

national curriculum

some core subjects with only limited amount of options

self fulfilling prophecy

when student internalises and acts out as a label given to them

premier league reading stars

helps to get boys interested in literacy by using football. makes reading less girly

WISE

women in science and engineering

GIST

girls in science and technology

gender domain

tasks that girls see as their territory and what boys see as theirs

further education

6th form

higher education

university

anti school subculture

group of people who dont like school for various reasons, usually seen in working class students due to bullying and the way teachers treat them

culture clash

values taught at home are different to the ones taught at school

developed world

basic needs are provided e.g clean water, access to food, technology and healthcare

developing world

basic needs aren’t provided

NEET

not in education, employed or training. Usually the working class, higher risk for mental illness, teen pregnancy, do drugs, involved in crime

cultural deprivation theory

working class students aren’t socialised properly by parents. Parents are more likely to not teach the value of education as they dont value it

fatalism

sociologists believe we are powerless and everything is set. nothing you can do about your status

deferred gratificatin

a reward that is receieved later on. e.g work hard now and get good results in exams (benefits MC)

cultural capital

particular set of valies, tastes, intrests and knowledge lead to material rewards and success, founded by bordieu

what did Bernstein find

elaborated and restrictive speech codes

what did sugarman find

working class more likely to use immediate gratification where as middle class are more likely to use differed gratification which is the same as what schools use

habitus

cultural framework and set of ideas from each social class into which people are socialised in, this influences taste in music, films, newspaper

compensatory education policy

putting money towards younger working class children so they have a fair chance

collectivism

social group is more important than school, usually seen in working class

equality of access

every child should have the same right of opportunities to access education, no unfair selection

equality of circumstances

children should be of a similar socio- economic status when they start school

equality of participation

everybody should have equal chances at school

equality of outcome

everybody can share in the benefits of schooling

positive discrimination

discrimination by giving priority to people at a disadvantage

selection by ability

students assessed on their ability and intelligence

selection by aplitude

students are picked based on how good they are at certain subjects

selection by fauth

legally allowed to select faith if the school has faith characteristics. 5% have to be out of faith

immediate gratification

seeking pleasure now instead of making sacrifices now and getting rewards in the future

present time orientation

the present is more important than the future, won’t have any long term goals

labelling

if student doesn’t fit the ideal pupil teachers are less willing to help

streaming

students placed in lower sets and streams due to teacher labelling

polarisation

respond to streaming by moving to a pro school subculture or an anti school subculture

differentiation

form of streaming, students in higher sets have a higher status

pupil identities

working class students exclude themselves from education as it doesn’t fit their identity or way of life. they see succeeding in education as undesirable and unrealistic

conformists

students who are keen to succeed, accepted the schools goals

innovators

students who are pro eduction but anti school, value success but not the teachers approval

retreatists

students who disconnect from the school and make subcultures out of it

rebels

students who rejected the schools goals, and conformed to the sterotupe of the ‘black macho lad‘. black masculinity equates with sexual experience.

meritocratic

all pupils have an equal chance to succeed through talent and abilities, irrespective of class, gender, ethnicity etc

policy

program put into place to prevent inequalities, done by government

privatisation

ran by a private business, focuses on making profit

neo liberalism

suggests resources are more efficiently managed by private businesses

globalisation

the way countries are connected, sharing and exchanging ideas, increased due to technology, transport and shares

parentrocracy

parents having major say in where the children goes to school

grammer school

select students who got highest marks in the 11+ test

secondary technical school

school that focuses on a technical subject e.g mechanics

secondary modern school

less academic than a grammar school, more practical

pupil premium

money the school gets if they have children with disadvantages at school

academies

schools directly funded by central government but not controlled by local government

comprehensive

state schools that dont select their intake on academic achievement or aptitude, use catchment areas

what policies were introduced in 1944, butler act

11+ test exams which allocated students to 3 types of school

what policies were introduced in 1965

many schools universally replaced with comprehensive schools, open universities created, start of compensatory education

what policies were introduced in 1979

work based training, youth training scheme started

what policies were introduced in 1988, education reform act

marketisation, introduction of national curriculum, SATs, league tables + OFSTED reports

what policies were introduced in 1977

academies, privitisation, sure start (third way policies)

what policies were introduced in 2010-2015

free schools, EMA/ sure start reduced, pupil premium, GCSE and A level changes

free school

free to attend but set up by parents or other communities group not local authority

subculture

A smaller group within the main-stream culture of a society, that are in some ways different from main-stream culture

hidden curriculum

informal learning processes that happen in school, teaches students norms and values of society

ideological state apparatus

set of ideas which legitimise the capitalist unfair system by benefiting the ruling class

universalistic education system

education system treats everyone the same way, without seeing people as individually different

correspondence principle

education mirrors the world of work to prepare them

particularistic values

values and rules that only apply to a specific person

universalistic values

values and rules that apply to all members of society equally

culture

norms and values shared by a social group that are passed across generations through socialisation

ideology

set of ideas, values and beliefs that help justify the interests of a dominant group

postmodernity

perspective that sees society as changing rapidly leading to uncertainty and risk as well as being more diverse so more than one theory is needed

social mobility

movement of individuals or groups in the hierarchy of class in society

culture of poverty- monyinhan

children who were inadquetly socilaised due to lone parents are more liekly to be inadequate adults and become poor

skill choosers

mc parents are better at choosing schools for their children

covert selection

schools use different techniques to select students that come to the school

cream skimming

entrance exams to get into school, allows the school to choose the best performers making the school better

silt sifting

trying to get rid of students that aren’t considered good

cherry picking

choosing students that are the best in school to get a better reputation

social stratification

society divided by layers of factors

working class dilemma

dilemma with getting symbolic capital from other working class, or getting academic capital but reject their symbolic

formula funding

schools get paid per student they have

education maintenance allowance

money given to poorer students after 16 to try keep them in school

sure start

wc parents are supported until their child goes to school

open enrolment

going to any school, not based on catchment area

hyper heterosexuality- archer

main priority is men, spend most of time on appearance for me, seen in wc girls

structuration

looks at the actions of people and the structural factors of society

gender canalisation

gender differences in toys

symbolic interactionism

people attach meanings to symbols that stand for something else, used for interactions with others, creates society

looking glass self

see themselves through the eyes of others, tells us what kind of person they are