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What class of hormones is cortisol in
glucocorticoid class
Source of Cortisol
Produced and secreted by the cells in the zona fasciculata in adrenal glands
Cortisol stimulus
stressful stimuli/ low blood pressure
Cortisol stimulus: Hypothalamus releases what to the anterior pituitary
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Cortisol Stimulus- In the anterior pituitary CRH binds to
corticotroph cells
Cortisol Stimulus- The anterior pituitary releases
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Cells in the Zona fasciculata convert what to what
Cholesterol to Cortisol
Is cortisol stored?
No, it is secreted as it is produced, pulsatile and peak in morning
Receptor for cortisol
nearly every cell in the body, intracellular
Cortisol target organs/tissues
Adipose tissue, Liver, Muscle, Blood vessels, Bone, and General tissues
Cortisol function in adipose tissue
triggers lipolysis which breaks down fats for energy
Cortisol function in Liver
triggers gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen storage which increases glucose and glucose stored
Cortisol function in muscle
stimulates proteolysis which generates proteins to amino acids that are available for gluconeogenesis
Cortisol function in blood vessels
Up regulates alpha 1 adrenergic receptors which causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure
Cortisol function in Bones
Inhibits osteoblasts, and decreases production of type 1 collagen which is needed for new bone matrix → therefore decrease bone formation
Cortisol function in General tissues
increases insulin resistance which causes insulin to be less effective at moving glucose into cells which increases glucose levels
Cortisol Negative feedback
If Cortisol levels get too high then that will trigger the hypothalamus to stop making CRH and the anterior pituitary gland to stop making ACTH
Insulin’s source
Pancreas- Islets of Langerhans (Beta Cells)
Insulin stimulus
Increased glucose levels, increased blood glucose, cortisom (fatty acids and amino acids), and Acetylcholine (PNS)
Insulin Inhibitors
Norepinephrine, and Somatostatin or growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Insulin target organs/tissues
Liver, Adipose Tissue, Skeletal Muscle, and Adipose cells
Insulin function in liver
puts glucose away as glycogen (stored)
inhibits gluconeogenesis (glucose production)
sends extra glucose to adipose tissue by converting glucose into fatty acids
All this decreases glucose
Insulin function in adipose tissue
fatty acids are converted to fat which increases fat production
Insulin function in skeletal muscle
amino acids are converted to proteins which causes muscle growth
Insulin function in Adipose cells
lipolysis which increases fatty acids into blood stream
Glucagon source
Pancreas- Islets of Langerhans (Alpha cells)
Glucagon stimulus
decreased blood glucose, Adrenaline(SNS) and Cholecystokinin
Target organs/tissue of glucagon
Liver and adipose tissue
Glucagon function on Liver
breakdown of glycogen (stored glucose) to glucose, gluconeogenesis increases glucose, all increase glucose levels (while fasting)
Glucagon inhibitors
High blood glucose, Insulin, Somatostatin and Growth hormone
Glucagon function on Adipose tissue
Lipolysis- fatty acids released in blood
Growth hormone (Somatotropin) Source
Anterior pituitary (hypothalamic-pituitary axis)
What cells in the anterior pituitary release growth hormone
somatotroph cells
Growth hormone stimulus
Growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus and gets triggered by hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), epinephrine, estrogen and testosterone
Target organs/tissues of Growth Hormone
Adipose tissue, Liver, and tissues
Growth hormone function on adipose tissue
lipolysis-breaks down fats into fatty acids to make available for metabolism
Growth hormone function in the liver
Gluconeogenesis- and glycogenolysis (break down of stored glucose) which overall increases blood glucose
Release of IGF-1
Growth hormone triggers liver to release IGF-1, what does it do?
Muscles: amino acid uptake into muscle cells which increases protein production -→ muscle growth!
Also increases osteoblasts and chondrocytes which causes long bone growth
Growth hormone function in tissues
Increases insulin resistance which increases blood glucose
Growth Hormone negative feedback
Liver, Bone and muscle release somatomedins to the anterior pituitary which stops GH secretion
Growth hormone amd somatomedins trigger hypothalamus to release somatostatin which is is a growth hormone inhibiting hormone which blocks the action of GHRH and somatotroph cells
Somatostatin goes to pancreas and stop release of insulin, glucagon, gastrin and vasoactive intestinal peptides
Source of Antidiuretic hormone
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus
ADH stimulus/triggers
Increased blood osmolarity, Decreased blood pressure, and Angiotensin II
What detects low blood pressure that triggers ADH release
baroreceptors
What detects high blood osmolarity that triggers ADH release
osmoreceptors detect loss of water/excess urine so the trigger hypothalamus thirst response and ADH release in bloodstream
Target tissue/organs of the Antidiuretic hormone
Kidney- principal cells of distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct, Smooth muscle cells in arteries
ADH function on kidney (which part too)
Principal cells of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, It inserts aquaporin 2 proteins into apical surface of cell which causes water to travel from the kidney tubule to the bloodstream
Decreases blood osmolarity
ADH function on smooth cells in arteries
cause arteries to constrict which increase vascular resistance and increases blood pressure
ADH negative feedback
Increased blood pressure is detected by the baroreceptors which send signals to hypothalamus that STOPS secretion of hormone
Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4) source
follicular cells on the Thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulus
Anterior PItuitary secretes TSH or thyroid stimulating hormone to the the thyroid gland after being triggered by the Hypothalamus sending Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) to the anterior pituitary
Target organs/tissues of Thyroid hormone
Every cell of the body, Cardiovascular system
What does the thyroid do in general to other hormones?
It increases catecholamines, glucagon and growth hormone through proteolysis (muscle break down), Lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis
Thyroid hormone function on Every cell of the body
activates gene transcription in cells nucleus which increases basal metabolic rate
Thyroid hormone function on cardiovascular system
It increases Beta 1 adrenergic receptors which increase heart contractility and heart rate which increase cardiac output
What are the two versions of thyroid hormone (describe them)
T3- Triiodothyronine which is highly active, and T4- which is less active
T3 and T4 bind to
circulating plasma proteins
Thyroid hormone negative feedback
When there is too much T3 and T4 that sends signals to hypothalamus to stop secreting TRH and also sends signals to anterior pituitary to stop secreting TSH
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) source
Cheif cells in the parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone stimulus
Low extracellular calcium/ low calcium in bloodstream
Parathyroid hormone inhibitor
elevated/high extracellular calcium
Target organs/tissues of the parathyroid hormone
Bones (Osteoblasts), Kidneys-Proximal convoluted tubule cells, Kidneys- distal convoluted Principal cells , Epithelial cells in breast, and Hypothalamus
Parathyroid hormone function on Bones
Forms osteoclasts that breakdown the bone and release calcium which increases calcium in the bloodstream
Parathyroid hormone two functions on the Kidneys proximal convoluted tubule cells
stores phosphate reabsorption which leaves in the urine and decreases phosphate in the blood
Activates 1-alpha hydroxylase enzyme which coverts inactive vitamin D to active which increases calcium
Parathyroid hormone function on kidneys distal convoluted principal cells
calcium is reabsorbed out of the urine which increases calcium
Parathyroid hormone function on Epithelial cells in the breast
they are stimulated to increase milk production
Parathyroid hormone function on the hypthalamus
Inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormones like Luteinizing hormone and follicular-stimulating hormone (from anterior pituitary)
This inhibits ovarian follicular development and ovulation which causes no menstrual period while breastfeeding