Unit 9: AP Environmental Science - Global Change Diagram | Quizlet

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64 Terms

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How is stratospheric ozone formed?

The interaction of UV radiation (sunlight) and O2

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What are the reactions that result in ozone formation?

O2 + UV (sunlight) --> O + O; O + O2 --> O3

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What was the cause of declining ozone levels?

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

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What are CFCs used for?

Refrigerants, coolants, aerosol propellants, industrial solvents

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Why do CFCs cause declining ozone levels?

Migrate to stratosphere because they are stable; UV radiation breaks CFC apart and releases chlorine atoms

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What do chlorine atoms do?

Form chlorine monoxide while converting O3 to O2, Cl + O3 --> ClO + O2

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How does ozone loss harm ecosystems?

UV rays can kill phytoplankton and primary producers; animals without protective fur or skin directly harmed

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How does ozone loss harm humans?

Increased UV exposure can lead to cataracts, skin cancers, and weakened immune systems

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When was the Montreal Protocol signed, and what did it do?

1987; called for end of CFC production and phased out CFCs for less harmful alternatives

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Has the US stopped producing CFCs?

Yes, in 1995

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What are halocarbons and halons?

Types of CFCs; used as fire retardants, pesticides, and foam insulation

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What is the greenhouse effect?

Greenhouse gases in the troposphere absorb the infrared heat radiating from the earth and heat the lower atmosphere

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What are the major greenhouse gases?

Water, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen dioxide, CFCs, Tropospheric ozone

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What are the greenhouse gases by warming potential?

CFCs, Nitrogen dioxide, Methane, Water vapor, Carbon dioxide (ozone is not specific)

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What is the source and remediation for water vapor?

Natural; little that can be done to control it

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What is the source and remediation for carbon dioxide?

Burning fossil fuels; move energy sources from fossil fuels to renewables, carbon sequestration

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What is the source and remediation for methane?

Livestock, anaerobic respiration in swaps and landfills; capture and burn as natural gas, quick to degrade = noticeable effect immediately

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What is the source and remediation for nitrogen dioxide?

High Temp combustion = automobiles; electric/hybrid cars

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What is the source and remediation for CFCs?

Anthropogenic = refrigerants; Montreal Protocol banned but will still affect atmosphere = stay for long time

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What is the source and remediation for ozone?

Photochemical smog from autos, burning biomass, and industry; reduce emissions of smog gases (NOx, SO2) and particulate matter by having catalytic converters on cars and smokestack scrubbers

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Why are there yearly fluctuations in CO2 levels?

During summer/wet season = more photosynthesis in Northern Hemisphere, During winter/dry season, less photosynthesis in Northern Hemisphere

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Why does clear-cutting increase CO2 levels?

Reduction of CO2 uptake by plants, burning logs releases carbon

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What do ice core data show about climate change?

Correlation between CO2 conc. and air temp., temperature increase may be highest in 400,000 years

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What do historical data show?

Global temperatures have increased by 0.5C in 100 years, temp could increase by 4C in 100 years

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What is the major cause of sea level rise?

Thermal expansion of oceans

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How will melting ice affect sea levels?

Land-based ice will increase sea levels, sea-based ice will not

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How will sea level rise affect estuaries and coastal ecosystems?

Loss of wetlands, marshes, and intertidal zones = decline or loss of species

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How many humans live within 60 miles of a coastline?

40%

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How will rising water affect coastal communities?

Severely = loss of property from land erosion, loss of fish/shellfish from estuary flooding, loss of tourism from beach loss, loss of freshwater from saltwater intrusion, conflict from migration

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What are examples of large river systems?

Colorado in USA and Yangtze in China

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What will climate change do to river systems?

Increased melting of snow pack = greater flow in short term, eventually no snow pack to supply river

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What would increased precipitation do?

More surface water/groundwater, increased erosion and sedimentation

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What would decreased precipitation do?

Reduce surface water/groundwater, decrease erosion and sedimentation

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What will happen to biomes due to climate change?

Warm biomes likely to expand toward poles

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What will happen as more water vapor is in the atmosphere?

Change in precipitation

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Which species will be badly affected by biome loss?

Specialist species

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What will happen to insect species with the climate changes?

Ranges will grow = warmer and rainier, diseases and crop damage will spread

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What is the albedo effect's application?

Ice = high albedo, water and land = low albedo, melting of ice is a positive feedback loop

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What and when was the Kyoto Protocol?

1997; nations promised to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but no real progress

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Why did the Kyoto Protocol lose support?

United States said it would not sign, Australia did not sign

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What further meetings and agreements have occurred?

Copenhagen Climate Summit 2009, Paris Climate Agreement 2016 (pledges), UN Climate Change Conference (COP21)

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Why is genetic diversity beneficial?

1. Resistance to disease; 2. Tolerance in the face of ecological change

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What are the 3 types of biodiversity?

Genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity

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What is an example of a genetic bottleneck?

African cheetah; bottleneck from last ice age about 10,000 years ago; current cheetahs are inbred

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How is species diversity measured?

Species richness and species evenness (relative abundance)

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What is an example of ecosystem diversity?

Everglades National Park in Florida

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Why is biodiversity important?

1. Interconnectedness of life; 2. Future resources; 3. Aesthetic value

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What are characteristics that make species vulnerable to extinction?

Specialist species, k-strategist(large, low br), Perceived as a pest, Biomagnification, Valuable

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What are examples of specialist species?

Feeding = giant panda, Symbiotic relationships = plants with adapted flowers

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HIPCO

Habitat loss, Invasives, Climate change, Overharvesting/exploitation, Pollution

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What does the Endangered Species Act do?

Habitat protection, ban on disturbing activity, ban on import or export of org/prod of endangered species

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TERM

Effluent

DEFINITION

Pollution discharged into water is called effluent

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TERM

carbon sink

DEFINITION

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period : ocean, forests

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TERM

Carbon sequestration

DEFINITION

The long term removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration: ocean deeps, old oil wells.

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RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)

Management of non-hazardous and hazardous solid waste including landfills and storage tanks. Set minimal standards for all waste disposal facilities and for hazardous wastes. Cradle to grave

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CERCLA (Superfund)

Established federal authority for emergency response and clean-up of hazardous substances that have been spilled, improperly disposed, or released into the environment

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Clean Air Act of 1970

Required EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants; forced states to follow and make sure the laws for followed in relation to the EPA. States allowed to decide officials for enforcement.

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Clean Water Act of 1972

Law intended to clean up the nation's rivers and lakes.

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Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)

set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health

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CITES

A 1973 treaty formed to control the international trade of threatened plants and animals

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Delany Clause (1958)

protects from cancer causing agents in additives in food and cosmetics

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Endangered Species Act

a 1973 U.S. act designed to protect species from extinction

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Independent Variable (IV)

the variable that a researcher actively manipulates, and if the hypothesis is correct, will cause a change

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Dependent Variable (Responding Variable)

the variable that is observed during the experiment, it is usually measured and data collected from it.