Ch. 6 Cardiovascular System: Blood

heart circulates entire blood supply every ___

minute

three functions of the blood

transport, defense, regulation

___ in the blood carry things in the blood

lipoproteins

blood transports ___ from broken proteins to kidneys for elimination

nitrogen

some blood cells destroy pathogens by ___; engulfing the foreign particles

phagocytosis

some white blood cells produce and secrete ___

antibodies

blood clotting defense against blood loss are done by (2)

platelets; proteins

blood maintains its own water-salt balance through plasma’s salts and proteins which create ___

osmotic pressure

blood is a form of ___ tissue

liquid connective

two main elements of blood

formed elements, plasma

three main formed elements of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

red blood cells are ___ micrometers, biconcave disks

6-8

heme group

iron

polypeptide

protein with four polypeptides in hemoglobin

globin

iron-containing group at the center of each chain; combines with oxygen

heme

heme does not easily let go of ___; why it is dangerous

CO

how many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport

4

hemoglobin with oxygen

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin without oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin

can also carry carbon dioxide to keep the plasma CO2 levels at bay - hemoglobin is called

carbaminohemoglobin

plasma carries most CO2 as

bicarbonate

enzyme in plasma that speeds up reaction between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid

carbonic anhydrase

most RBCs live for ___ days

120

not enough RBCs = kidneys release ___ for more RBCs

erythropoietin

kidney

stem cells

breakdown of hemoglobin → waste product:

bilirubin

too much bilirubin leads to this disorder

jaundice

insufficient RBCs or insufficient hemoglobin (disorder)

anemia

rupturing of RBCs

hemolysis

sickle cell red blood cells which rupture as they pass through capillaries

sickle-cell disease

life expectancy of a sickled RBC (in days)

90

basophils

eosinophils

lymphocytes

monocytes

neutrophils

phagocytosis: surrounds pathogen → ___ with pathogen formed → lysosomes attach and empty enzymes into vesicle

vesicle

phagocytosis: vesicle with pathogen formed → ___ attach and empty enzymes into vesicle → enzymes break down pathogens

lysosomes

phagocytosis: lysosomes attach and empty enzymes into vesicle → ___ break down pathogens

enzymes

___: surrounds pathogen → vesicle with pathogen formed → lysosomes attach and empty enzymes into vesicle → enzymes break down pathogens

phagocytosis

foreign particles that combine with antibodies

antigens

type of WBC that has neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

granular leukocytes

type of WBC that has lymphocytes, monocytes

agranular leukocytes

50-70% of all WBCs

neutrophils

WBC: first responder; phagocytosis; multilobed

neutrophil

WBC: bilobed, large, for large parasites

eosinophil

WBC: U-shaped, produces histamine

basophil

produced by basophils for allergic reactions; can dilate vessels and constrict air passages

histamine

WBC for specific immunity, produces B cells and T cells

lymphocytes

lymphocytes produce these for antibodies

B cells

lymphocytes produce these to destroy pathogens; attacked by AIDs

T cells

WBC: largest, can stimulate other WBCs

monocytes

disorder: stem cells lack adenosine deaminase → lack B and T lymphocytes → can’t fight infections

severed combined immunodeficiency

enzyme that produces B and T lymphocytes in the bone marrow

adenosine deaminase

disorder: too many white blood cells

leukemia

disorder: infects lymphocytes

Epstein-Barr virus

platelets: fragmentation of ___ in the bone marrow

megakaryocytes

platelets + prothrombin + fibrinogen

coagulation

fibrin threads

fibrinogen

platelets

prothrombin

prothrombin activator

thrombin

clump at the side of vessel punctures to partially seal the leak

platelets

thrombin severs amino acids from fibrinogen; which form long threads of

fibrin

destroys fibrin once vessel repair starts

plasmin

escapes from a mature clot

serum

disorder: insufficient platelets

thrombocytopenia

disorder: spontaneous clots

thrombi

if a thrombus dislodges and travels in the vessel

embolus

if an embolus blocks a blood vessel it’s called

thromboembolism

disorder: caused by a deficiency in a clotting factor

hemophilia

cells that are able to easily differentiate that are produced in the red bone marrow

stem cells

91% of blood plasma is this

water

what do most of the salts in the plasma do

buffer

2 main examples of organic molecules found in blood plasma

amino acids, glucose

organic molecules produced by liver and act as a buffer

plasma proteins

three types of plasma proteins

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

plasma protein that is the most abundant and establishes osmotic pressure and helps with transportation

albumins

three types of globulins

alpha, beta, gamma

globulins that help with transportation

alpha, beta

globulins that are produced by lymphocytes

gamma

the plasma protein that helps with blood clotting

fibrinogen

clumping of red blood cells

agglutination

blood types carry antigens, which is this type of protein

glycoprotein

blood types

A, B, AB, O

blood type with the A antigen and B antibody

A

blood type with the A antibody and B antigen

B

blood type with both antigens

AB

blood type with no antigens

O

blood type with both antibodies

O

blood type with no antibodies

AB

when blood from one person is transferred to another

transfusion

how does cardiac muscle tissue play a role in the cardiovascular system’s contribution to homeostasis

circulate blood

how does smooth muscle tissue play a role in the cardiovascular system’s contribution to homeostasis

blood pressure

how does skeletal muscle tissue play a role in the cardiovascular system’s contribution to homeostasis

compress vessels