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Empirical v. Normative
Distinguishing between fact-based and judgment-based statements
Sovereignty
State's ability to rule and implement policies within its borders
Nations
Groups sharing a common political identity
Nationalism
Extreme pride in one's country or ethnic group
Democracies
Political systems where citizens vote for representatives
Presidential System
Citizens vote for legislative and executive representatives
Legislative rep
Individuals responsible for making laws
Executive
Head of state such as president, prime minister, or dictator
Supreme Court
Part of the judicial branch in democracies
Checks and balances
System preventing concentration of power in one branch
Parliamentary Systems
Form of government where parliament has legislative power
Parliamentary Sovereignty
Parliament holds ultimate authority in governance
Authoritarian Regimes
Ruled by small elite groups with limited citizen input
Political and Economic Change
Different types of change including reform, revolution, and coup d'etats
Radicalism
Advocating rapid and drastic change
Liberalism
Supporting progressive reform
Conservatism
Desire to maintain the existing status quo
Reactionary
Wishing to return to past traditions or systems
Command v Market Economy
Contrasting state-controlled and capitalist economic systems
Federal System
Government with multiple levels of authority
Supranational
International organizations with multiple member states
Electoral System
Methods for electing representatives such as first-past-the-post or proportional representation
Purchasing Power Parity
Comparing citizens' purchasing power across different currencies
Gini Index
Measuring economic inequality in a society on a scale from 0 to 1
Human Development Index (HDI)
Indicator of citizens' well-being using factors like literacy and life expectancy
Note
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