es all q

How does the average depth of the oceans compare to the average elevation of the continents?

the ocean floors are about four times as deep on average then the average elevation of the continents above sea level

Which one of the following is part of the continental margin?

continental shelf

Which of the following would be associated with turbidity currents?

deposits of graded beds

seamounts are _____________

volcanoes that form on the ocean floor

Which of the following is associated with oceanic ridges?

rift zones

Bones and teeth are an example of ________ sediment.

biogenous

The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the ________.

continental shelf

the crests of mid-oceanic ridges ________.

contain active rift zones

________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends downward and sinks into the mantle.

deep-ocean trenches

An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for ________.

a sound pulse to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back

Ocean covers approximately ________ percent of Earth's surface.

71

The ________ Ocean is largest; the ________ Ocean is smallest.

Pacific; Arctic

Which element is most commonly dissolved in seawater?

sodium

The primary reason for the elevated position of the ridge system is ________.

newly created oceanic lithosphere is hot and less dense than cooler rocks of the deep-ocean basin

How many seconds would it take an echo sounder's ping to make the trip from a ship to the Challenger Deep (10,994 meters) and back? Recall that depth = 1/2 (1500 m/sec × Echo travel time)

14\.66 seconds

Where would you go to find "black smokers" (deep-sea hydrothermal vents)?

oceanic ridge

No thermocline exists in high-latitude regions because there is little temperature difference between the top and bottom of the water column. In such a situation the water column is said to be ________.

isothermal

what kind of seawater is densest?

cold, high salinity

At low latitudes, the ________ is a zone of rapid temperature change over a relatively short depth. It is associated with a similar depth zone marked by a change in density, called the ________

thermocline; pycnocline

Where does an accretionary wedge form?

deep-ocean trench

________ is the proportion of dissolved salts to pure water.

salinity

the principal source of water in the oceans and the atmosphere is by the process of ________.

outgassing

Minerals that crystallize directly from seawater are examples of ________ sediment.

hydrogenous

The oceanic ridge system is the ________ topographic feature on Earth.

longest

Attraction of seawater to submarine features like seamounts and oceanic ridges is due to ________; it results in areas where the surface of the ocean bulges upward by a small amount.

gravity

A prominent feature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a very deep linear valley known as a(n) ________.

rift valley

A pile of clam shells is an example of ________ sediment.

biogenous

Valleys that lead from the continental shelf into deeper waters are known as ________. Typically, we find ________ along the continental rise at the bottom of these valleys

submarine canyons; deep-sea fans

________ continental margins typically exhibit wide, extensive, continental shelves.

passive

________ continental margins occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the edge of a continent.

active

High salinity values in ocean water are due to ________.

higher evaporation rates

The area of the ocean that experiences the lowest density water occurs in the ________

surface mixed zone

A ________ marks the site where old, oceanic lithosphere begins its descent into a subduction zone.

deep-ocean trench

A rising mantle plume may be responsible for the vast outpouring of lava associated with a(n) ________

oceanic plateau

As basalt forms at the mid-ocean ridge, which of the following is correct?

The basalt cools, contracts, and becomes more dense.

________ is the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the topography of the ocean floor.

bathymetry

which of the following processes will increase salinity?

formation of sea ice

The sediment found in the Mississippi River Delta is an example of ________.

terrigenous sediment

The Southern Hemisphere contains approximately ________ land compared to ________ in the Northern Hemisphere.

19%; 39%

When high-density seawater is added to low-density freshwater, ________.

the denser seawater sinks below the freshwater

The ________ accounts for approximately 80 percent of ocean water.

deep zone

the main difference between a seamount and a guyot is ________.

guyots are flat

Turbidity currents carry sediments into submarine canyons which may eventually produce ________.

deep-sea fans

The ________ contains 33 percent more dissolved solids and is almost ________ times saltier than seawater.

dead sea; 10

one fathom equals

1\.8 meters

Which of the following is correct regarding a wave in the open ocean?

water particles move vertically in circular orbital motion

When waves reach shallow water they tend to be ________, which makes them become parallel to the shore.

refracted

When a wave is too steep to support itself, the wave front collapses creating a ________ that advances up the shoreline.

break

Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________.

equal to one-half the wavelength

Longshore currents and beach drift ________.

both have net movement that is parallel to the shore

You visit a coastal area for the first time. You note the presence of marine terraces, sea stacks, and sea arches. Based on these features, the area is likely to be ________.

an emergent coast

Daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface are called ________.

tides

One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated ________.

on headleands projecting into the water

Waves approaching a beach at an oblique angle ________

cause beach drift

Which of the following shoreline features is a result of deposition

barrier island

fetch is __________

the distance over which the wind blows over open water

One disadvantage of beach nourishment as compared to hard stabilization is ________.

beach nourishment is expensive

Which of the following is an example of "hard stabilization" designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion?

groin

_______ are huge circular-moving current systems that dominate the surface of the ocean within an ocean basin

gyres

The center of each of Earth's five major gyres is found at about ________ latitude.

30°

In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes surface currents in the ocean to be deflected slightly ________ compared to the winds that cause them

to the right

the energy that drives surface ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream comes from ________.

prevailing wind patterns

The daily tidal range is of the least magnitude during ________.

neap tides

Erosional retreat of a ________ leads to enlargement and extension of a wave-cut platform in the inland direction.

wave-cut cliff

Large estuaries are more common on a(n) ________ coastline

submergent

A ________ is an isolated remnant of bedrock standing above a wave-cut platform.

sea stack

Upwelling, the rising of water from deeper layers of the ocean, is a wind-induced movement that brings ________ water to the surface.

cold, nutrient-rich

the vertical distance between trough and crest is called the ________.

wave height

The ________ is the only current that completely encircles the Earth.

west wind drift

A shoreline is a(n) ________, a common boundary where different parts of a system interact.

interface

turbulent water created by breaking waves is known as ________.

surf

________ is the grinding or scraping of a rock surface by the friction and impact of rock particles carried by water

abrasion

Breakwaters, sea walls, and groins are all examples of ________.

hard stabilization

As a deep-water wave enters shallow water, the part of the wave in the shallowest water slows down. The deeper-water portion of the wave crest keeps moving at a relatively rapid speed. This wave refraction causes the entire wave crest to progressively rotate toward being ________ with the shoreline.

parellel

If uplift of the land occurs, a wave-cut platform may become a new ________.

marine terrace

_______ is the rising of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water.

Upwelling

Because deep-ocean circulation is driven largely by variations in water temperature and salinity, it is also called ________ circulation.

hydrothermal

_______ are low-lying zones that are alternately covered by water during flood tide and exposed following ebb tide.

tidal flats

A(n) ________ is a place where fresh and salt water mix, such as a drowned river valley along a submergent coast

estuary

If a spit grows as it is deposited and extends completely across the former mouth of an estuary, separating it from the open sea, it has become a ________.

baymouth bar

the fog banks that occur in the Atacama Desert are formed from ________.

cold currents that cause temperature to reach the dew point

an increase in seawater density can be caused by ________.

either a decrease in temperature or an increase in salinity

When ocean waves grow so tall they topple over, they form ocean breakers called ________.

whitecaps

An accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of the ocean or lake is called a ________.

beach

Which of the following is an erosional feature associated with shorelines?

wave-cut platform

A ________ is a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that is moving parallel to the shore.

groin

A ________ is a structure designed to protect boats from large breaking waves by creating a quiet-water zone near shore.

breakwater

Air is best described as ________.

a mixture of gases, with solid particles and liquid droplets in it

Which one of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

nitrogen

How is climate different from weather?

Climate is the sum of all statistical weather information that helps describe a region.

Sea salts from breaking waves, fine soil blown into the air, smoke and soot from wildfires, pollen and microorganisms lifted by the wind, and ash from volcanic eruptions are all examples of

aerosols

the amount of water vapor in the air is called ________.

humidity

Dust in the atmosphere is responsible for which of the following?

reflection of solar energy

even though ground-level ozone is a health hazard, the "ozone layer" in the stratosphere is a health benefit because ________.

it screens out some harmful solar radiation

The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ________.

troposphere

the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere is called the _______

stratopause

Approximately how many kilometers (miles) above Earth's surface does the atmosphere end and outer space begin?

there is no clearly defined upper limit to the atmosphere; it gradually fades into space.

Which of the following locations would have the lowest average air pressure?

summit of Mount Everest, tallest mountain on Earth

The temperature decrease in the troposphere is called the ________.

environmental lapse rate

Weather is ultimately driven by ________.

energy input from the sun