Psych 340 Exam 2

Do gender differences breed sterotypes?

No, there are still people who would use this to justify inequalities

What are the main 4 gender differences?

Traits:

* Women = rational, warm, lower in confidence, nurturing and emotional
* Men = independent, cold, uncating, competetice

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Abilities:

* Men = math and science
* Women = verbal and emotions

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Dominance orientation:

* Men = leaders, ask women out and pay bill
* Women = followers, don’t interrupt, polite

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Aggression:

* Men = hunters, more likely to commit murder
* Women = gatherers, less likely to commit murder

What are evolutionary influences?

* gender and mating preferences
* biology
* physical dominance
* universal tendencies

What are the universal tendencies of evolutionary influences?

* Attractiveness
* Wealth (men have unlimited sperm)
* Youth
* Age differences

Gender differences in jealousy are?

Men = more upset about sexual infidelity

Women = more upset by emotional infidelity

Basic overview of free choices:

Men and women can both be found equally emotional about sexual infidelity, but if asked broader questions, men caring more than women (Harris)

What are social roles?

Social roles can shape our schema or self construct but they are different

High and low status is an example of what in social roles?

Elvis, in which he has the lasting effects of the voice he used in the movie

What is role reversal?

It is the strategy used in social roles to minimize conflict, helps people see through others eyes

What is gender vs sex?

Gender is a social construct of behaviors and attributes in society

Sex is the biological real differences (giving birth)

How is gender constructed?

Gender shapes us into carrer choises we choose, such as parents choosing to decorate our bedroom for us while babies

(Gender neutral experiment)

Bem’s sex role inventory (BSRI) = mas, fem, adrogenous, undifferentiated

What are gender roles?

varies in cultures, russia said more husbands should work, whereas france said both wife and husband should work

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* NYU scale = reverse code questions (if scored higher = larger support of gender roles)

How does one learn gender?

Social sources:

* EX: random pics show, men value body, women value mind
* not equatable

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Institutional support:

* Ads on tv - people married w children
* Children's books (what girls CAN be)
* power of conformity = peer pressure
* men conform less than women do

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What is social norms?

Expectations about behavior in a social setting

* situational: no talking in the lib
* Societal: clapping after a speech
* Group: all match wearing black leather pants (baseball hat example)

What is conformity?

It is not mimicry, it is when you behave differently than you would, do what everyone else is doing

* in western culture = hate copycats
* in eastern culture = likes them
* compliance: shoes off at the door, normally wouldnt but does it anyways
* obedience: obeying an authority or leader figure out of fear or arousal
* acceptance: internal match external overtime = accept new conformity

What is obedience, what breeds it and conformity?

Milgram expeirment shock therapy = breeds good people can do bad things

* emotional distance = able to do horrific acts

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Authority figure:

* closeness- work harder when boss is in the same room
* legitimacy - obey someone with a title
* institutional - yale looked up to
* Conform because we want to be likes
* Solomon Asch - line matches which best test

What predicts conformity?

We want to be liked… the ASCH EXPERIMENT

f- five people max

c- cohesion tight knot group would not harm me = similarity

s- status enter situational high status

p-public response match everyone else so you dont get made fun of

N- no prior commitment, not being 1st one with statement

FUCSPN

How to resist social pressure?

Reactance: is the opposing of authority figures such as parents eating too many cupcakes

Asserting our uniqueness: always want to be unique and have our sense of self but constant tension of wanting to fit into a group while maintaining self-uniqueness

What is a group?

two or more people who interact w/eachother and think of themselves of us and them

* commonly have shared identites -us and commone goal AXO

What are Group effects

Facilitation: the presence of others- improves task performance and is the dominant response

Crowding: too many people in one space & population density

Loafing: group performance not individualized

* free rides: clapping softer than u would if you were alone
* Social loafing: the presence of others diminishes performance

Arousal: Creates distractions, wrapped up in how people think of you

Evaluation apprehension: what others think of you matters

Meere presence of others:

* The energizing effect when around people

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What is losing oneself?

Deindividualized: lose themselves and go along with the group

* taking car battery

Physical anonymity:

* Internet: hide behind screens
* Types of uniform: cues to behavior (button test KKK)

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Arousing and distracting = breaks self focus

* Impulsively

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Diminish self awareness = singing in cult loses focus easier

Liberated and get lost in the moment = intensity emotions but not focus

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What is group think?

Overestimation of morality and power:

* invulnerability
* morality of group act as one not your own morals

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Close Mindedness:

* Rationalize - think bad choice to say so, just shut up
* stereotypes

What is pressure toward uniformity?

Conformity, self censorship, unamity, mindguards

How to prevent group think..

Encourage critical evaluation/thinking

Subdivide groups

outside criticisms

Double check bef. preceding (really a good idea?)

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What is is minority influence?

Power of one = example rosa parks

Consistency = repeated messages (civil rights)

Self confidence = keep confidence hight

deflection from the majority = think outside the box of the majority

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Is leadership minority influence?

Eh it depends on the situation

only when the leader say something that goes against the majority opinion

(old presidents against slavery etc)

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Central vs peripheral route to presuasion

Central route = brand loyalty well formed and thoughful (beyonce)

Peripheral route = attracted things, draws attentnion (ice spice)

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KEY differences in peripheral and central route to presusasion

Central:

* Audience: analytic and motivated
* Processing = HIGH effect, elaborate agree or central argument
* Persuasion = clear argument longlasting, agreement

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Peripheral:

* Audience: Not analytic or involved
* Processing: LOW effect, peripheral guess, rules of thumb, HEURISTICS

Presusation: CUES TRIGGER= liking, acceptance, ONLY TEMPORARY

What are the 4 elements of the principles of presusasion?

Communicator - who says it (attractiveness n liking)

Message content - who it said (combine both central and peripheral) ex: doctors n diet pills

Channel of communication - how you say it

The audience - who you are

(first impression of product fades, new recency info. more relevant in memory currates a lasting impression)

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How to sell a banana (RASCLS)

A- authority (expert on topic)

S- scarcity (you can only get this here, get it while it lasts)

R- reciprocity (try it, its on me) (works stronger when favor cannot be returned right away)

C- consistency (questions, have you ever bought a banana)

S- social proof (I just saw an sdsu student buy one, they really liked it social liking)

L- liking (you look like a nice person and seem like me (similarity breeds liking)

Persuasion “saying” tactics

* Active reception: practice and repeat = memory
* Passive reception: repeated exposure = commercial, catchy song on the radio
* personal contact is more influential than being on the phone
* youth and elder a target, prefrontal cortex not fully developed

Stereotypes vs prejudice vs discrimination

Stereotypes: cognitions (mental representations)

* beliefs we categorize people in
* A mixture of abstract knowledge and examples
* illusionary correlation: see things and relate them (tall and basketball)
* white lady in store = karen
* stereotypes can change but terms of negative emotions do not change

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Prejudice: feelings

* generally negative but some can be positive
* ingroup bias warm feeling but norm. negative
* Indirectly prejudice = comparing knowledge
* Steretype does not occur w/o one person showing that behavior = BASE RATES

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Discrimination: action

* Behavior toward whomever it may be
* behavior/often motivated by prejudice
* Reverse discrimination = action w no questions asked (always accepted)

Overt vs covert?

Overt = blatant (overt behavior outloud prejudice comment

Covert = subtle (still shows not done/over with)

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What is attributional ambiguity?

Outside factors that can affect others, (sitting near AC vent across the room because it is hot, not because you do not want to sit next to ___ person)

What is priming to behavioral effects? Who did the study?

Barg and Chen Burrows: elderly stereotype = they walked slower than those who did not thave the elderly scramble of words

What are the aspects that make us Help?

Social exchange = always has benefits (external factors)

Internal rewards = guilt and mood restored by helping more

Egoism = reduce self distress

Altusim = reduce others distress

What are the circumstances that we help in?

* The number bystanders that notice
* Ambiguous information = not sure situation is real
* Use others as information (they aren’t helping why should i?)
* Cues can invoke situation to help (cane, brace, wheelchair)
* Time pressure (if there is time or not)
* If someone is already helping (situation handled)

How do we increase helping behavior?

* reduce ambiguity increase responsibility
* making it more personal
* Expectations (know you’ll see them again = help)
* Guilt and shame reprimands lead to more helping (DON’T TOUCH THAT ART)

What was the empathy experiment?

Learner = shock increased behavior

Observer = participant if their empathy was aroused they HELPED or LEFT

in 2nd condition = they went to help with comedy take then to help

What are social norms in helping?

Repricorcity norm: wanna give back to someone but if someone did something stupid reclined to help

HOW to lessen inhibition = outside comfort zone

socializing altruism

* teaching moral inclusion = teaching help not EXCLUSION
* don’t overjustify someone’s helping = leads tp less helping
* that was nice of you = okay
* don’t PRAISE