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Do gender differences breed sterotypes?
No, there are still people who would use this to justify inequalities
What are the main 4 gender differences?
Traits:
Women = rational, warm, lower in confidence, nurturing and emotional
Men = independent, cold, uncating, competetice
Abilities:
Men = math and science
Women = verbal and emotions
Dominance orientation:
Men = leaders, ask women out and pay bill
Women = followers, don’t interrupt, polite
Aggression:
Men = hunters, more likely to commit murder
Women = gatherers, less likely to commit murder
What are evolutionary influences?
gender and mating preferences
biology
physical dominance
universal tendencies
What are the universal tendencies of evolutionary influences?
Attractiveness
Wealth (men have unlimited sperm)
Youth
Age differences
Gender differences in jealousy are?
Men = more upset about sexual infidelity
Women = more upset by emotional infidelity
Basic overview of free choices:
Men and women can both be found equally emotional about sexual infidelity, but if asked broader questions, men caring more than women (Harris)
What are social roles?
Social roles can shape our schema or self construct but they are different
High and low status is an example of what in social roles?
Elvis, in which he has the lasting effects of the voice he used in the movie
What is role reversal?
It is the strategy used in social roles to minimize conflict, helps people see through others eyes
What is gender vs sex?
Gender is a social construct of behaviors and attributes in society
Sex is the biological real differences (giving birth)
How is gender constructed?
Gender shapes us into carrer choises we choose, such as parents choosing to decorate our bedroom for us while babies
(Gender neutral experiment)
Bem’s sex role inventory (BSRI) = mas, fem, adrogenous, undifferentiated
What are gender roles?
varies in cultures, russia said more husbands should work, whereas france said both wife and husband should work
NYU scale = reverse code questions (if scored higher = larger support of gender roles)
How does one learn gender?
Social sources:
EX: random pics show, men value body, women value mind
not equatable
Institutional support:
Ads on tv - people married w children
Children's books (what girls CAN be)
power of conformity = peer pressure
men conform less than women do
What is social norms?
Expectations about behavior in a social setting
situational: no talking in the lib
Societal: clapping after a speech
Group: all match wearing black leather pants (baseball hat example)
What is conformity?
It is not mimicry, it is when you behave differently than you would, do what everyone else is doing
in western culture = hate copycats
in eastern culture = likes them
compliance: shoes off at the door, normally wouldnt but does it anyways
obedience: obeying an authority or leader figure out of fear or arousal
acceptance: internal match external overtime = accept new conformity
What is obedience, what breeds it and conformity?
Milgram expeirment shock therapy = breeds good people can do bad things
emotional distance = able to do horrific acts
Authority figure:
closeness- work harder when boss is in the same room
legitimacy - obey someone with a title
institutional - yale looked up to
Conform because we want to be likes
Solomon Asch - line matches which best test
What predicts conformity?
We want to be liked… the ASCH EXPERIMENT
f- five people max
c- cohesion tight knot group would not harm me = similarity
s- status enter situational high status
p-public response match everyone else so you dont get made fun of
N- no prior commitment, not being 1st one with statement
FUCSPN
How to resist social pressure?
Reactance: is the opposing of authority figures such as parents eating too many cupcakes
Asserting our uniqueness: always want to be unique and have our sense of self but constant tension of wanting to fit into a group while maintaining self-uniqueness
What is a group?
two or more people who interact w/eachother and think of themselves of us and them
commonly have shared identites -us and commone goal AXO
What are Group effects
Facilitation: the presence of others- improves task performance and is the dominant response
Crowding: too many people in one space & population density
Loafing: group performance not individualized
free rides: clapping softer than u would if you were alone
Social loafing: the presence of others diminishes performance
Arousal: Creates distractions, wrapped up in how people think of you
Evaluation apprehension: what others think of you matters
Meere presence of others:
The energizing effect when around people
What is losing oneself?
Deindividualized: lose themselves and go along with the group
taking car battery
Physical anonymity:
Internet: hide behind screens
Types of uniform: cues to behavior (button test KKK)
Arousing and distracting = breaks self focus
Impulsively
Diminish self awareness = singing in cult loses focus easier
Liberated and get lost in the moment = intensity emotions but not focus
What is group think?
Overestimation of morality and power:
invulnerability
morality of group act as one not your own morals
Close Mindedness:
Rationalize - think bad choice to say so, just shut up
stereotypes
What is pressure toward uniformity?
Conformity, self censorship, unamity, mindguards
How to prevent group think..
Encourage critical evaluation/thinking
Subdivide groups
outside criticisms
Double check bef. preceding (really a good idea?)
What is is minority influence?
Power of one = example rosa parks
Consistency = repeated messages (civil rights)
Self confidence = keep confidence hight
deflection from the majority = think outside the box of the majority
Is leadership minority influence?
Eh it depends on the situation
only when the leader say something that goes against the majority opinion
(old presidents against slavery etc)
Central vs peripheral route to presuasion
Central route = brand loyalty well formed and thoughful (beyonce)
Peripheral route = attracted things, draws attentnion (ice spice)
KEY differences in peripheral and central route to presusasion
Central:
Audience: analytic and motivated
Processing = HIGH effect, elaborate agree or central argument
Persuasion = clear argument longlasting, agreement
Peripheral:
Audience: Not analytic or involved
Processing: LOW effect, peripheral guess, rules of thumb, HEURISTICS
Presusation: CUES TRIGGER= liking, acceptance, ONLY TEMPORARY
What are the 4 elements of the principles of presusasion?
Communicator - who says it (attractiveness n liking)
Message content - who it said (combine both central and peripheral) ex: doctors n diet pills
Channel of communication - how you say it
The audience - who you are
(first impression of product fades, new recency info. more relevant in memory currates a lasting impression)
How to sell a banana (RASCLS)
A- authority (expert on topic)
S- scarcity (you can only get this here, get it while it lasts)
R- reciprocity (try it, its on me) (works stronger when favor cannot be returned right away)
C- consistency (questions, have you ever bought a banana)
S- social proof (I just saw an sdsu student buy one, they really liked it social liking)
L- liking (you look like a nice person and seem like me (similarity breeds liking)
Persuasion “saying” tactics
Active reception: practice and repeat = memory
Passive reception: repeated exposure = commercial, catchy song on the radio
personal contact is more influential than being on the phone
youth and elder a target, prefrontal cortex not fully developed
Stereotypes vs prejudice vs discrimination
Stereotypes: cognitions (mental representations)
beliefs we categorize people in
A mixture of abstract knowledge and examples
illusionary correlation: see things and relate them (tall and basketball)
white lady in store = karen
stereotypes can change but terms of negative emotions do not change
Prejudice: feelings
generally negative but some can be positive
ingroup bias warm feeling but norm. negative
Indirectly prejudice = comparing knowledge
Steretype does not occur w/o one person showing that behavior = BASE RATES
Discrimination: action
Behavior toward whomever it may be
behavior/often motivated by prejudice
Reverse discrimination = action w no questions asked (always accepted)
Overt vs covert?
Overt = blatant (overt behavior outloud prejudice comment
Covert = subtle (still shows not done/over with)
What is attributional ambiguity?
Outside factors that can affect others, (sitting near AC vent across the room because it is hot, not because you do not want to sit next to ___ person)
What is priming to behavioral effects? Who did the study?
Barg and Chen Burrows: elderly stereotype = they walked slower than those who did not thave the elderly scramble of words
What are the aspects that make us Help?
Social exchange = always has benefits (external factors)
Internal rewards = guilt and mood restored by helping more
Egoism = reduce self distress
Altusim = reduce others distress
What are the circumstances that we help in?
The number bystanders that notice
Ambiguous information = not sure situation is real
Use others as information (they aren’t helping why should i?)
Cues can invoke situation to help (cane, brace, wheelchair)
Time pressure (if there is time or not)
If someone is already helping (situation handled)
How do we increase helping behavior?
reduce ambiguity increase responsibility
making it more personal
Expectations (know you’ll see them again = help)
Guilt and shame reprimands lead to more helping (DON’T TOUCH THAT ART)
What was the empathy experiment?
Learner = shock increased behavior
Observer = participant if their empathy was aroused they HELPED or LEFT
in 2nd condition = they went to help with comedy take then to help
What are social norms in helping?
Repricorcity norm: wanna give back to someone but if someone did something stupid reclined to help
HOW to lessen inhibition = outside comfort zone
socializing altruism
teaching moral inclusion = teaching help not EXCLUSION
don’t overjustify someone’s helping = leads tp less helping
that was nice of you = okay
don’t PRAISE