Physical science

* Telling time
* Navigations
* Architecture

Role of Skies to Early Humans

Models

is a representation of a system, made of the composition of concepts which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents.

Models

illustration to understand of something

* Geocentric Models
* Heliocentric Models

Models of the Universe

Geocentric Model

Earth centered universe

Geocentric Model

the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all circled Earth.

Geocentric Model

Earth is the center of the universe

* Pythagorean model
* Eudoxus’ model
* Aristotle’s model
* Ptolemy’s model

What are the models under Geocentric Model?

* Copernicus’ model
* Brahe’s model

What are the models under Heliocentric Model?

Pythagorean Model

Proposed by Pythagoras

Pythagorean Model

Earth is round. saang model siya nabanggit?

Pythagorean Model

basic and pinaka maling model sa lahat

Pythagorean Model

Earth is the center of the universe and everything rotates around it based on the relationship to musical sounds and numbers.

Eudoxus’ model

same lang ng sinabi ni Pythagoras pero nilagyan niya lang ng distinction ang bawat spheres/bawat layer ng spheres na pinrovide ni Pythagoras. Sinabi niya na bawat sphere ay may special properties or special heavenly body na andun sa sphere na yun.

Eudoxus’ model

Uses a series of 27 concentric spheres on which the Sun, moon and the planets moved in perfect circular motion.

• 1 sphere for fixed stars

• 3 spheres for the sun

• 3 spheres for the moon

• 4 spheres for the 5 planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter)

Eudoxus’ model

Meant to answer the problem of Plato regarding motions of planets

Eudoxus’ model

What model is that?

Eudoxus’ model

What model is that?

Pythagorean Model

What model is that?

Aristotle’s model

Proposed by Aristotle.

Aristotle’s model

Added 27 buffering sphere between celestial spheres of Eudoxus.

Aristotle’s model

Earth – Moon – Mercury – Venus – Sun – Mars – Jupiter – Saturn – Fixed Stars – Firmanent of Prime Mover

Aristotle’s model

The rotation of the firmanent is the force that causes the other inner spheres to move.

Firmanent

Heaven

Prime Mover

God

Ether

medium that causes the spheres to move.

Aristotle’s model

Sinundan lang din niya yung kay eudoxus ang ginawa niya inispecify lang niya na the spheres are parang yung mga spheres na ito dito lang lng nakalagay ang mga stars pero nakahiwalay talaga yung mga planet sa kanya. Sama-sama na lahat ng planet and sama-sama lahat ng stars tapos yung moon naandon sa spheres kasama nung planet.

Aristotle’s model

What model is that?

Ptolemy’s model

What model is that?

Ptolemy’s model

one of the important concept of geocentric kasi bibigyan niya ng importansiya yung notion ng planets. Binibigyan niya ng imprttance yung notion ng ibang heavenly bodies kung bakit nagkakaroon ng ganitong klasing pagbabago ng position yung heavenly bodies its because of the epicycle/retrograde.

Ptolemy’s model

Believed model for 14 centuries. Approved by the church due to biblical validity (“Sun, stand you still upon Gibeon", Joshua 10:12)

Epicycle

circle on which a planet moves.

Deferent

the path in which the center of the epicycle moves.

Equant

center of the deferent

Heliocentric model

Earth and Planets revolve around the sun

Heliocentric model

Sun is the center of the universe and Earth and other planets revolves around it.

Pyrocentric models

neither the sun nor earth is the center but a fire (Philolaus)

Pyrocentric models

Not accepted due to acceptance of Ptolemic model

Pyrocentric models

First heliocentric

Pyrocentric models

All stars, including the sun revolved around the fire All planets revolves around a star.

Copernicus model

Earth spins on its axis every day and revolves around the Sun like other planets; only the moon revolved around the Earth.

Copernicus model

Proposed by Nicolas Copernicus.

Copernicus model

lahat ng bagay nagmomove base sa center ng sun

1. Absence of stellar parallax


2. Lack of perceive motion of Earth

What are the 2 flaws in Copernicus model?

Brahe’s model

What is that model?

Galileo’s Evidences

ang tumulong para magprovide ng evidences/ magprovide ng other models para somehow maintindihan natin kung ano ba talaga ang mas tama sa dalawa heliocentric ba or geocentric

MOTION

the change of position of an object relative to a certain frame of reference (point).

frame of reference/reference frame

observer

Position

the location of an object with respect to a frame of reference

Frame of Reference

a system that allows an observer to specify quantitatively where and when something is observed

Kinematics

describes motions in terms of displacement, velocity and acceleration

Dynamics

relates force and motion

Translation

motion in a straight line

Kinematics

deals with the description of motion and describes motion mathematically

Dynamics

branch of physics that deals w/ study of how motion works or what is the cause of motion/bakit merong motion

Scalar quantities

are quantities that have only magnitude.

Vector quantities

are quantities that have both magnitude and direction

DISTANCE

(scalar) the length of the path by the body in moving from the initial to final position.

kasi inaalam lang natin kung gaano kahaba

why scalar yung distance?

DISPLACEMENT

(vector) distance measured in a straight line in a specified direction.

kasi aside from knowing kung gaano kahaba dapat alam mo kung saan pupunta

why vector ang displacement?

Speed

the measure of how fast or slow the body moves. (walang direction)

* Average Speed
* Instantaneous Speed

Two types of speed

Average Speed

the total distance travelled by a body per unit of time

Instantaneous Speed

speed of an object in an instant (in a particular time).

VELOCITY

a speed in a given direction (may direction)

ACCELERATION

a measure of how fast the velocity changes with respect to time.

* Translatory/Translation Motion
* Circular Motion

TYPES OF MOTION

Translatory/Translation Motion

The motion in which all points of a moving body move uniformly along a straight line

* RECTILINEAR MOTION
* CURVILINEAR MOTION

TYPES OF TRANSLATORY MOTION

CURVILINEAR MOTION

If a body moves along a curved path

RECTILINEAR MOTION

If a body moves in a straight line

CIRCULAR MOTION

An object is said to be in circular motion when it moves around a fixed point called axis.

* REVOLUTION
* ROTATORY/ROTATIONAL MOTION
* RANDOM MOTION
* OSCILLATORY MOTION
* VIBRATORY MOTION
* PERIODIC MOTION

TYPES OF CIRCULAR MOTION

REVOLUTION

When a body as a whole moves in a circular path

ROTATORY/ROTATIONAL MOTION

When a body undergoes translatory motion in such a way that its parts cover different distances in a given time

RANDOM MOTION

Irregular motion of a body in which the direction is not fixed

OSCILLATORY MOTION

When a body moves to and fro about a fixed point

VIBRATORY MOTION

Sometimes the whole object doesnot show to and fro motion but a part of it shows motion

VIBRATORY MOTION

Vibration

PERIODIC MOTION

When the same motion repeats itself after equal intervals of time

FREE FALL

Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity

FREE FALL

As motion in translation or in rectilinear motion na kung saan ang isang object ay lumalaglag na walang istorbo/nababangga/obstruction/disturbance

PROJECTILE

When an object was thrown or projected at an angle (curvilinear motion)

PROJECTILE

Under the influence of gravity

Trajectory

The path followed by the projectile

* Law of Inertia
* Law of Acceleration
* Law of Action-Reaction

Newton’s three laws of motion

Law of Inertia

Newton’s first law of motion

Law of Inertia

An object at rest will remain at rest at a constant velocity unless influenced by an external force.

Law of Inertia

an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless influenced by an external force.

Law of Inertia

the tendency to resist change

Law of Acceleration

Newton’s second law of motion

Law of Acceleration

the ------ of a object is directly proportional to the force exerted on it.

Law of Acceleration

this law explains kung kailan gagalaw yung isang bagay na naka at rest

Law of Action Reaction

Newton’s third law of motion

Law of Action Reaction

every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Law of Action Reaction

Dapat may may dalawang na nag-iinteract or may dalawang force na opposing force. what law of motion yun?

Law of Action Reaction

kada apply mong force may bumabalik sayong force. what law of motion yun?

Law of Action Reaction

this law ang nagsasabi kung bakit nagkakaroon ng basic interaction sa universe

Law of Action Reaction

kada force merong equal pero opposite force na kokontra dun. anong law of motion yun?