6- Human Physiology 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

peristalsis

contractions of smooth muscle in the alimentary canal that moves the food from mouth towards anus

circular muscle layer

the inner layer of smooth muscle of the alimentary canal

alimentary canal

the tube that carries food while it is being digested

longitudinal muscle layer

outer layer of smooth muscle of alimentary canal

smooth muscle

muscle that contracts to move something in the body besides a bone or heart chamber

pancreas

an organ within the body that has many functions including production of three important digestive enzymes and production of two hormones that regulate glucose

dextrins

Fragments of the amylopectin molecule containing a 1,6 bond that amylase cannot digest

villus

a small finger-like projection that extends into the lumen of the small intestine

epithelium

cell layer that often forms a covering or outer cell layer of a structure (formed of epithelial cells)

mucous membrane

a membrane that prevents the acids in stomach from damaging the gastric lining

segmentation

involves the contraction and relaxation of non-adjacent segments of circular smooth muscle in the intestines

bile

a fluid that is produced by the liver that is stored and concentrated within the gall bladder

gall bladder

the small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine.

protease

enzyme that digests protein that function optimally in an acidic pH

endopeptidases

an enzyme which breaks peptide bonds other than terminal ones in a peptide chain.

oesophagus

a hollow tube connecting the oral cavity to the stomach (separated from the trachea by the epiglottis)

stomach

a temporary storage tank where food is mixed by churning and protein digestion begins

small intestine

a long, highly folded tube where usable food substances (nutrients) are absorbed

large Intestine

the final section of the alimentary canal, where water and dissolved minerals (i.e. ions) are absorbed

salivary glands

release saliva to moisten food and contains enzymes (e.g. amylase) to initiate starch breakdown

liver

takes the raw materials absorbed by the small intestine and uses them to make key chemicals

dialysis tubing

plastic-like cellulose tubing with tiny holes to allow small molecules to pass through (semi-permeable)

serosa

a protective outer covering composed of a layer of cells reinforced by fibrous connective tissue

muscle layer

outer layer of longitudinal muscle (peristalsis) and inner layer of circular muscle (segmentation)

submucosa

composed of connective tissue separating the muscle layer from the innermost mucosa

mucosa

a highly folded inner layer which absorbs material through its surface epithelium from the intestinal lumen

gastric glands

exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach

lacteal

the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats.

elastic recoil

the pressure exerted on the arterial wall is returned to the blood when the artery returns to its normal size

arterioles

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

fenestrated

having a window or opening; contains pores

atria

the two upper chambers of the heart; collects blood from body and lungs

ventricles

larger chambers near bottom of heart that pump blood to body and lungs

atrioventricular valves

valves located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart; prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting.

semilunar valves

each of a pair of valves in the heart, at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery, consisting of three cusps or flaps which prevent the flow of blood back into the heart.

vena cava (inferior and superior)

structure that feeds into the right atrium and returns deoxygenated blood from the body

pulmonary artery

structure that connects to the right ventricle and sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary vein

structure that feeds into the left atrium and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs

aorta

structure that extends from the left ventricle and sends oxygenated blood around the body

myocardium

thick middle muscle layer of the heart

atrioventricular node

a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium

medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

sympathetic nerve

branch of the autonomic nervous system; part of the medulla that releases norepinephrine to increase heart rate

parasympathetic nerve

branch of the autonomic nervous system; part of the medulla that releases acetylcholine to decrease heart rate

epinephrine

a hormone increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity.

systole

contraction of the heart

diastole

relaxation of the heart

atheromas

fatty deposits

atherosclerotic plaques

lesions formed as a result of the smooth lining of the artery being progressively degraded

thrombus

blood clot

myogenic

heartbeat originates within heart

lysozyme

an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria

sebaceous glands

oil glands in the skin

sebum

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

platelets

tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding.

fibrin strands

what forms the structural basis of a clot

thrombin

an enzyme that converts the soluble protein fibrinogen into the insoluble fibrin.

fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

coronary thrombosis

the formation of blood clots in the coronary arteries.

antigens

any chemical that stimulates an immune response

lymphocytes

a type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

phagocytes

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

B lymphocytes (B cells)

antibody-producing cells that recognise and target a particular pathogen fragment (antigen)

helper T lymphocytes (TH cells)

regulator cells that release chemicals (cytokines) to activate specific B lymphocytes

antibody

large proteins that have two functional regions: a hyper- variable region that binds to a specific antigen and another regionthat helps the body to fight the pathogen

plasma cells

cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.

antiviral

agent that destroys viruses

conjugation

in bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

venule

small vein

endothelial cells

cells lining the blood vessels; controls the flow of substances and fluid into and out of a tissue.

Bundle of His

a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

William Harvey

scientist that described the circulation of blood to and from the heart.

type I pneumocytes

extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange

type II pneumocytes

secretes solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension

surfactant

a substance that tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved.

trachea

windpipe; begins just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down behind the breastbone (sternum).

bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

thorax

another name for chest

emphysema

a lung condition whereby the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity due to damage to the alveolar walls

elastase

enzyme that breaks down elastin

antagonistic muscle groups

muscles perform opposite functions in inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling)

external intercostals

muscle that elevates ribs during inspiration

diaphragm

large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

internal intercostals

muscle that depresses ribs when exhaling

tidal volume

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

spirometer

an instrument used to measure respiratory volumes

neuron

a nerve cell that is specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

dendrite

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

soma

a cell body containing the nucleus and organelles, where essential metabolic processes occur to maintain cell survival

myelin sheath

fatty layer of tissue that improves the conduction speed of electrical impulses along the axon, but require additional space and energy

saltatory conduction

the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

resting potential

the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane

action potential

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

depolarization

the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

repolarization

return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired