JMU Bio 140 Quiz One

RNA processing step two

introns are spliced out by spliceosome. exons connect to each other.

RNA processing step one

5’ cap methyl group, ribosome binds at cap and then slides down for translation.

in prokaryotes, transcription and translation are:

coupled

Transcription

• copying part of dna into rna, promoter determines which strand to copy, template strand (3’-5’) complementary to rna. (TATA boxes)

• RNA polymerase adds nucleotides-part of promoter region.

rRna

makes the proteins

Trna

transfer; takes amino acids to make proteins

mrna

messenger, takes dna into cytoplasm

Why do RNA’s fold into tertiary structures

hydrogen bonds

Centromere

Holds chromosomes together

Replication site

allows for the gene to be expressed

Telomere

serves as a protective cap, shortens with each division

Epigenetic changes are?

heritable; genetic markers

Epigenetics Example

Queen vs Worker Bees (Same DNA, different histone modifications)

histone tails

acetyl+ Methyl groups

loosely packaged ___ gene expression

more; euchromatin

tightly packaged ___ gene expression

less; heterocromatin

epigenetics dogma

packaging influences gene expression

histones

positive charged amino acids

nucleosome

dna wrapped around histone proteins packaging ratio 7:1

levels of dna packaging

dna duplex, nucleosome, chromatin, looped domains, chromosomes, dna

Cytosine and Guanine have ___ Hydrogen bonds

3

Adanine and Thymine have ___ hydrogen bonds

2

steps of the scientific method

exploration and discovery

testing ideas

community analysis and feedback

theory

explanation of the natural world based on evidence

earths crust has what two elements?

oxygen and silicon

human body consists mainly of what two elements

oxygen,carbon,hydrogen

are viruses made of cells

no

central dogma

dna is transcribed to rna transcripted to proteins

when simple compounds are combined into complex molecules the entropy inside the cell ___

decreases

when energy is released as heat, what happens to the entropy

it increases

first law of thermodynamics

energy is neither created nor destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

degree of disorder tends to increase

disorder in a system

entropy

plasma membrane

seperates the living material within the cell from the nonliving enviornment around it

metabolism

chemical reactions by which cells convert energy from one form to another and build and break down molecules

ATP

stored energy in chemical form

how does a virus spread

hijacks a cell

genetic variation

difference in genetic material that is transmitted from parent to offspring

in an atoms nucleus

protons and neutrons

ion

charged atom

loss of an electron

cation

gain of an electron

anion

further from the nucleus electrons are the ____ stable they are

less

energy levels are called

shells

carbon has __ valence electrons

4

unique about rows in periodic table

same number of shells and orbitals

unique about colums of the periodic table

same number of valence electrons

why is carbon so versatile

it can form 4 bonds

isomer

same atom different arrangements

function is dependent on

structure

what is needed to break a covalent bond

enzyme

what is needed to break non covalent bonds

heat

partial charge of oxygen in water is

negative

partial charge of hydrogen in water is

positive

polar molecule

has a positive and negative side

bigger difference in electronegativity

more polar

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between electronegative atom and a hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom

two water molecules form

hydrogen bonds

when water freezes it becomes

more dense

why can water resist temperature changes

hydrogen bonds

why does water not evaporate easily

high boiling point

water is a ____ solvent

universal

why is water a universal solvent

polarity allows for other polar or fully charged molecules to dissolve in water

what makes water cohesive

hydrogen bonds combined are strong and allow for surface tension

van der waals forces

weak attraction between atoms due to electron asymmetries

importance of van der waals forces

hold fatty acids together

ph=

-log[H+]

ph and H+ are ______ related

inversely

1 mole=

6.022 × 10²³

4 classes of macromolecules

proteins, nucleic acids,lipids,sugars

proteins are _____ made up of ____

polymers, monomers

monomer of proteins

amino acids

polymer

protein monomers covalently linked to each other

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

two types of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

3 types of liquids

fats and oils, steroids,phospholipids

polymer of sugars

polysaccharides

monomer of sugars

monosaccharides

function of sugar

store energy and structure

theory of chemical evolution creators

haldane and oparin

theory of chemical evolution

biological matter formed from atmospheric gases, water vapor, energy

urey and miller experiment

mini ocean plus energy created amino acids

what did the urey and miller experiment create

amino acids, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide

hydrophobic molecules are always

non polar

peptide bond

carboxyl group joined with nitrogen

two types of dna bases

pyrimidine and purine

pyrimidines

cytosine,thymine,uracil

purines

adenine and guanine

glyoside bonds

monosacharides that are attached to each other by covalent bonds

triacylglycerol

lipid used for energy storage

fatty acid

long chain of carbon atoms attached to a carboxyl group

what makes a lipid saturated

double bonds

what makes a lipid unsaturated

C-C double bonds

griffith experiment

virulent and nonvirulent bacteria was ejected into mice

what was discovered from griffith experiment

dna can transfer biological charachteristics from one organism to another

discovered 3 dimensional structure of dna

watson,crick,franklin

what is a nucleotide made of

phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

bonds between sugar and phosphate

phosphodiester

dna has a net _____ charge

negative

what types of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together

hydrogen bonding