Exam 2 Biology

Functions of the lymphatic vessel

• Homeostatic mechanism

• Fluid balance/Drains excessive interstitial fluid

• Absorption and transportion of (fats, proteins and fat-soluble vitamin A, D, E and K)

• Does the job that cant be completed by the CV system

main function of the Lymphatic system

fluid balance

Types of Lymphocytes

• B Cells

• T Cells

• NK Cells

Adaptive Immunity include the follow lymphocytes

Third Line of defense

• B cells

• T cells

• NK cells

WBC

• granular leukocytes

• agranular leukocytes

Granular Leukocytes

• Has cytoplasmic granules

• Contain various enzymes and protein

• Can be easily seen

Agranular Leukocytes

Contain sparse, fine granules which arent easily viewed under microscope

GL

Include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Neutrophils

Account for 50-70% of all white blood cells in adults

Multilobed nucleus

Does not stain well

First responders to bacterial infection

Phagocytic activity helps overcome pathogen invasion

Neutrophils and macrophages (wbc)

Ability to squeeze through pores in capillary wall

Found in interstitial fluid and lymph

Major ducts associated with lymphatic system.

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

drains upper right quadrant

Thoracic duct

• drains everywhere else except upper right

• receive lymph from whole body.

• drains into veins

Lymphokines is

movement/flow of lymph

two primary mechanism of lymphokinesis

skeletal muscle and thorax (chest) ((inspiration))

lymph

clear/watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels

lymphatic capillaries

• allow interstitial fluid to flow in but not out

• slightly larger than blood capillaries

• ______________ have thinner walls, contains more valves than veins.

• _______ causes high concentration in throat and underarms.

lymphatic

movement of blood keeps ____ moving slowly through the day

lymph

lymph nodes act as ______

filters

lymph nodes filter out

microorganisms, abnormal cells and debris within cell

lymph node are composed of

connective tissue, macrophages and lymphocytes

lymph node two types of filters

mechanical filtration and biological filtration

Macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

phagocytosis

cell eating

Passive transport

Arteries/Veins/Capillaries

Extracellular fluid

Blood-lymph

thymus

• primary organ of lymphatic system

• two lobbed, unpaired

thymus involves the maturation of

t cells (t lymphocytes)

Spleen

• largest lymphatic organ, Located in upper left abdominal cavity

• two regions (Red and White Pulp)

  • Red Pulp: removes old and damaged rbc, temporary blood storage

  • White Pulp: contains lymphocyte, searches for pathogens

Barriers of entry (expell of pathogens)

• Skin

• Stomach acid

• Tears

• Vomiting

Non-specific defense mechanisms

• phagocytosis

• inflammation

Specific defense mechanisms

• immune response enables body to recognize and remove certain bacteria, foreign cells or viruses

  • Antibodies

  • T cells

skin

mechanism barrier

mucous

chemical barrier

epithelial barrier

mechanism barrier

epithelial barrier does what

stops things from going inside body

chemical barrier

mucous and hydrochloric acid

mucous

traps pathogens

hydrochloric acid

GI mucosa

GI mucosa does what

destroy pathogen

two second line of defenses ( non specific)

inflammatory response and chemotaxis

chemotaxis

cells release chemicals to attract WBCs

third line of defense (specific)

• lymphocytes and antibodies

• adaptive immunity, recognize and target specific pathogens and foreign substances

• has memory/responds more quickly the next time/able to distinguish self-cells and foreign/non self invaders

inflammatory response

swelling, redness, heat and fever

Barrier Defenses

• Skin—an effective deterrent

• Tears and saliva—contain lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)

• Ear wax—entraps microorganisms

• Mucus—entraps microorganisms

• Stomach—highly acidic, inhibits microorganisms 

• Vagina—slightly acidic, inhibits some microorganisms

• Vomiting, urination, and defecation—remove microorganisms

first line of defense (non-specific)

mechanical and chemical barriers (skin and mucous)

aka skin, mucous and chemicals

T cell background info

• originate from stem cells in bone marrow

• mature in thymus

• attack pathogens more directly, at cellular level

LYMPHOCYTE:

B lymphocyte

PRIMARY FUNCTION:

Generates diverse antibodies

LYMPHOCYTE:

T lymphocyte

PRIMARY FUNCTION:

Secretes chemical messengers

LYMPHOCYTE:

Plasma cell

PRIMARY FUNCTION:

Secretes antibodies

LYMPHOCYTE:

NK cells

PRIMARY FUNCTION:

Destroys virally infected cells 

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal Cavity

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Pharynx

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Larynx

voicebox

marks the division between upper and lower respiratory tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

Tranchea

Bronchi

Alveoli

Bronchi

• Gets smaller and smaller

• Primary Bronchi

  Secondary Bronchi

  Tertiary Bronchi

  Bronchioles

Alveoli

end point

gas exchange occur

Epiglottis

prevents food from entering airways

Conducting Division (Tubes)

• Nasal Cavity.

• Oral Cavity.

• Pharynx.

• Larynx (voice box).

• Trachea (windpipe).

• Right and Left Primary Bronchus.

• Secondary and Segmental Bronchi.

• Terminal Bronchioles.

below trachea comprises the lungs (conducting division (tubes))

• Right and Left Primary Bronchus.

• Secondary and Segmental Bronchi.

• Terminal Bronchioles.

Respiratory Division (Balloons)

• Respiratory Bronchiole.

• Alveolar Duct.

• Alveoli.

Conducting Division (or Zone) background info

• Passageway for air flow

• Warms air

• Filters air

• Humidification (moistens)

• Volume referred to as dead space volume (V_D L/breath)

• 30% of resting tidal volume

Respiratory Division Structures

• Respiratory Bronchiole

• Alveolar duct

• Alveoli/Alveolar Cells

• Type I Alveolar Cells

• Type II Aleolar Cells

• Macrophage

Respiratory Division (or Zone) background info

• Gas Exchange

• Volume referred to as alveolar volume (V_A L/breath)

• ≅ 70% of resting tidal volume

Thorax

• Bones

• Muscles 

  • Diaphragm

  • External & Internal Intercostal  

  • Pectoralis Minor

  • Sternocleidomastoid 

  • Scalenus 

  • Abdominal  

In Muscles

• Diaphragm

• External Intercostal  

• Pectoralis Minor

• Sternocleidomastoid 

• Scalenus

Out Muscles

• Internal Intercostal

• Abdominal

Tidal Volume (VT)

• Normal In/Out

• Volume moved into or out of the respiratory tract during a normal respiratory cycle

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

• Max In/Normal VT

• Maximum volume that can be moved into the respiratory tract after a normal inspiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

• Max out/Normal VT

• Maximum volume that can be moved out of the respiratory tract after a normal expiration

Residual Volume (RV)

• Air in tract always/Cant get out

Vital Capacity (VC)

• VT + IRV + ERV

• Max in and out

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

• VR + IRV

• Maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration

• Max in

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

• ERV + RV

• Volume in lungs after tidal expiration

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

• VC + RV

• VT + IRV + ERV + RV

• Volume in lungs after maximum inspiration

Respiratory System

• Pump: Thorax

• Fluid: Air

• Passages: Respiratory Tract

Pump

Thorax: 

• Bones 

• Muscles 

• Pleura 

Passages

Respiratory Tract: 

• Conducting Division 

• Respiratory Division 

Inspired Air: (Ambient/Atmospheric Air)

• Oxygen – 20.93% 

• Carbon Dioxide – 0.03% 

• Nitrogen – 79.04%

Expired Air: (AmbientAtmospheric Air)

• Oxygen – 14-17% 

• Carbon Dioxide – 3-6% 

• Nitrogen – Balance!

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)/Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Performing maximum expiration after maximum inspiration

FEV1

The volume forcefully expired during the first second 83% of vital capacity = normal

FEV2

94%

FEV3

97%

Mechanical Digestion

physical movement to make food smaller

• Mastication (chewing)

• Deglutition (swallowing)

• Peristalsis (mouth to anus)

• Segmentation (breaking up and mixing content)

Chemical Digestion

enzymes breaking down food

• Hydrolysis 

• Secretion

Upper Digestion Tract

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach (GI Tract)

Lower Digestion Tract

• Small Intestine : Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

• Large Intestine : Cecum, Colon, Rectum and Anal Canal

GI

Gastrointestinal

GI Tract Four Tissue Layers

• Serosa

• Muscularis

• Submucosa

• Mucosa

GI Tract function

• digest and absorb nutrients

• excrete waste products

Serosa

• outermost layer of GI wall

• serosa is the visceral layer of the peritoneum

• superficial (on surface)

Muscularis

• muscular layer

• thick ayer of muscle tissue that wraps around submucosa

• Muscle types:

  • outer longitudinal

  • inner circular (sphincters)

  • oblique (stomach)

Submucosa

• composed of connective tissue

• contains numerous small glands, blood vessels and parasympathetic nerves that form the submucosal plexus

Mucosa

• mucous layer

• innermost layer of GI wall, facing lumen

• absorptive

• major secretory layers

  • epithelium

  • Lamina Propria

  • Muscularis mucosa

    • increase surface area

    • increase absorption

Accessory

Salivary glands, Tongue, Teeth, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas and Appendix

Small Intestine

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

Large Intestine

Cecum, Colon, Rectum and Anal Canal

Three main macronutrients

Carbs, Lipids and Proteins