Kines 202: Exam 1

what are the type of anatomy

1. embryology

2. histology

3. surface anatomy

4. gross anatomy

5. systemic anatomy

what are the levels of organization in the body

1. atomic level

2. molecular level

3. cellular level

4. tissue level

5. organ level

6. organ system level

7. organismal level

what are the systems of the body?

1. respiratory

2. digestive

3. urinary

4. reproductive

5. endocrine

6. lymphatic/immune

7. integumentary

8. skeletal

9. muscular

10. cardiovascular

11. nervous

what are the body cavities

dorsal, ventral, abdominopelvic

what are the dorsal body cavities?

cranial and spinal

what are the ventral body cavities?

thoracic

• pleural

• pericardial

what are the abdominopelvic cavities?

abdominal and pelvic

what are the abdominopelvic regions

• right hypochondriac

• right lumbar

• right iliac

• epigastric

• umbilical

• hypogastric

• left hypochondriac

• left lumbar

• left iliac

what are the abdominopelvic quadrants

1. right upper quadrant

2. right lower quadrant

3. left upper quadrant

4. left lower quadrant

what does proximal mean

closer to the trunk

what does distal mean

further from the trunk

what does medial mean

closer to the midline

what does lateral mean

farther from the midline

what does anterior mean

front side of the body

what does superior mean

towards the head

what does cranial mean

towards the head

what does caudal mean

towards the tail

what does superficial mean

closer to the surface

what does deep mean

farther from the surface

what does plantar mean

bottom of the foot

what does dorsal mean

top of the foot

what does palmar mean

palm side of the hand

what does dorsal mean (hand)

back side of the head

what does ipsilateral mean

on the same side

what does contralateral mean

the opposite side

what does varus mean

the distal segment of the foot deviates toward midline relative to proximal segment

what does valgus mean

the distal segment deviates away from midline relative to proximal segment

what are the planes

transverse, frontal, and sagittal

what is the transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

frontal plane

the vertical plane that divides the body into front and rear portions

sagittal plane

the vertical plane that divides the body into right and eft parts

what are the 3 axis

longitudinal, anteroposterior, and medial-lateral

examples of sagittal plane motion

running (medial-lateral exis)

examples of frontal plane motion

jumping jacks (anteroposterior axis)

example of transverse plane motion

pirouette (longitudinal axis)

action of elbow

flexion and extension

actions of the shoulder joint

abduction and adduction

action of the ankle joint

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

action of the hip joint

internal and external rotation

the action of the forearm joint

pronation and supination

action of the wrist

radial and ulnar deviation

action of the scapular joint

elevation and depression

what is inversion

lift medial border of foot (turn the plantar surface inward)

• frontal plane

what is eversion

lift lateral border of foot (turn the plantar surface outward)

• frontal plane

what is radial

move hand towards radius (thumb)

• frontal plane

what is ulnar deviation

move hand towards ulnar (pinky)'

• frontal plane

what is lateral flexion

the bending of the vertebral column to the right or left

• frontal plane

what is internal or medial rotation?

anterior surface of segment rotates medially or inward

• transverse plane

what is external or lateral rotation?

anterior surface of segment rotates laterally or outward

• transverse

what is supination?

rotary movement between radius and ulnar within forearm

• transverse plane

what is pronation

rotary movement between radius and ulna within forearm

• transverse plane

what is horizontal abduction?

moving the arm away from the midline in the transverse plane

• transverse plane

what is osteology?

the study of bones

how bones in the adult body?

~206

how many bones in the axial skeleton?

80 bones

how many bones in the appendicular skeleton

126 bones

what is bone made of?

• 30% minerals

• 30% collagen

• 10% water

• 30% void space

where is most of the body’s calcium and phosphorus located?

in the skeleton

what is the purpose of collagen?

to provide flexibility and support for the bone

what are the two types of bone?

cortical and cancellous

what is cortical bone?

the stronger, stiffer outer bone

does cortical bone have high or low porosity?

low porosity

what is cancellous bone?

the softer, inner bone.

is cancellous bone high or low porosity

it is high porosity

_______ increases over time with increased stress

bone mass

bones reshape themselves based on _______

Wolff’s Law

what are some functions of the skeletal system

1. protection of the organs

2. support posture

3. movement

4. storage such as calcium and phosphorus

5. hemopoiesis

what is hemopoiesis?

process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

types of bones

sesamoid, long bones, short bones, irregular and flat bones

what are long bones?

long cylindrical shaft with wide protruding ends

what are short bones?

small cubical shaped bones

what are flat bones?

bones that have a curved surface and are thick where tendons attached

what are irregular bones?

bones through the spine

what are some projections?

1. condyle

2. epidcondyle

3. crest

4. head

5. neck

6. facet

7. spine

8. process

9. line

10. tubercle

11. tuberosity

12. trochanter

13. suture

what are depressions?

1. fossa

2. fovea

3. sulcus

4. sinus

5. foramen

6. meatus

7. facet

what is the diaphysis?

long cylindrical shaft of the bone

what is the epiphysis?

the most proximal and most distal aspects of a long bone

what is the metaphysis?

the brief section between the epiphysis and diaphysis

what is the medullary cavity?

the hollow, cylindrical space diaphysis. also contains bone marrow

what is the endosteum?

thin membrane lining the medullary canal

what is the periosteum?

the tough outer sheath surrounding the bone

what is articular cartilage?

cartilage covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

which type of bone accounts for 80% of the weight of the skeleton?

80%

what is an osteon?

cylindrical substructure of compact bone, parallel to long axis.

does the cancellous bone contain osteons?

no

what are the 3 types of bone cells?

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

what are osteoblasts?

the bones responsible for bone formation; bone building cells

what are osteoclasts?

responsible for bone removal or resorption

what are osteocytes?

the mature, most abundant, bone tissue

what is modeling?

new bone growth

what is remodeling?

resorption of old bone and laying down of new bone

what is a fracture?

a break in the bone

what is an open fracture?

fracture which juts out from the skin

what is an avulsion fracture?

fracture where a fragment of the bone breaks off

what is a stress fracture?

micro-fracture in the bone due to overuse

what is osteoarthritis?

the degeneration of bone at the joint

what is osteoperosis?

the decrease in bone mineral density

which sex is osteoporosis more common?

women

what is muscle?

the muscle-tendon functional unit

what do muscles function as?

energy converters, internal force generators, actuators, pumps, and temperature regulators