Ethics Midterms CH4 & CH5

haissss

A statement that tells what is allowed or not allowed in a particular situation.

Rule

An individual’s inner beliefs or personal principles about right and wrong.

Morals

The system of understanding what actions are good or bad based on reason and equal consideration of others.

Morality

Standards or rules of conduct provided by an external source such as society, religion, or profession.

Ethics

General and abstract truths that form the foundation of one’s moral system.

Moral principles

Specific rules or guidelines derived from moral principles that direct behavior and decision-making.

Moral standards

They involve actions that significantly harm or benefit other people.

Serious impact on others

They are more important than personal gain or preference.

Priority over self-interest

They are followed because they are reasonable, not because of punishment or orders.

Independence from authority

They apply to all people in similar situations.

Universality

Judgments are based on fairness and the welfare of everyone, not personal benefit.

Objectivity

Violations often produce guilt, shame, or remorse.

Emotion-based accountability

Social rules governing polite or proper behavior.

Etiquette

Guidelines created by an organization to manage actions and decisions.

Policy

Rules established and enforced by the government to maintain order and protect rights.

Law

A rule believed to be given by a divine or religious authority and expected to be strictly followed.

Commandment

A situation requiring a choice between two or more difficult alternatives.

Dilemma

A situation where two or more possible actions each have moral reasons, but only one can be chosen, causing moral conflict

Moral dilemma

A moral conflict that affects an individual or close relationships.

Personal moral dilemma

A moral conflict within a group or organization that may harm members or the institution.

Organizational moral dilemma

A large-scale moral conflict affecting society, systems, or public welfare.

Structural moral dilemma

The ability to choose and act voluntarily without external or internal force.

Freedom

The obligation to accept the consequences of one’s actions and decisions.

Responsibility

The misuse or abuse of freedom by acting without regard for reason, law, or morality.

License

A habitual disposition to do what is good.

Virtue

An action performed with knowledge and free will

Human act

Automatic, inborn responses to stimuli without rational decision-making.

Instinctive behavior

Action based on reasoning, conscious choice, and deliberate judgment.

Rational behavior

A being capable of knowing right and wrong, making free choices, and being accountable for actions.

Moral agent

Why are Humans the only ethical?

Instinctive and Rational Behavior and Moral agent

Freedom is the ability to make meaningful choices that shape identity.

Freedom as a gift (Gabriel Marcel)

Freedom works together with reason to guide purposeful action.

Freedom and reason (Aristotle)

Humans are always free to choose and must accept full responsibility for those choices.

Absolute freedom (Jean-Paul Sartre)

Freedom with harmony (Lao Tzu)

Freedom should be balanced with responsibility to maintain social harmony.

The shared patterns of beliefs, values, practices, and behaviors of a group of people.

Culture

Actions guided by judgments of right and wrong.

Moral behavior

Objects, signs, or images that carry shared meanings.

Symbols

A system of communication using words or symbols.

Language

Convictions or assumptions accepted as true.

Beliefs

Standards of what is important or desirable.

Values

Informal rules about acceptable behavior within a group.

Norms

Elements of culture are?

Symbols, language, beliefs, values, and Norms

The idea that beliefs and moral practices should be understood within their own cultural context and not judged by others’ standards.

Cultural relativism

The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others.

Ethnocentrism

Moral principles shared by all cultures because they are necessary for human survival and well-being.

Universal values

Providing protection and support to children for survival and development.

Caring for the young

Prohibiting the unjust killing of innocent people.

Murder is wrong

Being honest to promote trust and cooperation.

Truth-telling

Education that develops knowledge, values, and skills to promote peace, justice, and nonviolence.

Peace education

Teaching peaceful ways to settle disputes.

Conflict resolution education

Teaching respect for human dignity and rights.

Human rights education

Teaching care and protection for the environment.

Environmental education

Teaching awareness of global issues and shared responsibility.

Global education

Filipino Moral Concepts are?

Pakikipagkapwa-tao, Family Orientation, Bayanihan, Bahala na, Colonial Mentality, Kanya-Kanya Syndrome,

Treating others with respect, empathy, and shared humanity.

Pakikipagkapwa-tao

Strong commitment and loyalty to family relationships.

Family orientation

Community cooperation and mutual help.

Bayanihan

Trusting God while facing uncertainty with courage.

Bahala na

Preference for foreign culture over one’s own.

Colonial mentality

Self-centered attitude that ignores the common good.

Kanya-kanya syndrome

The process of personally accepting moral rules so they guide behavior even without external enforcement.

Internalization of moral standards

Being answerable for one’s actions and their consequences.

Accountability

The process of choosing actions based on moral principles and standards.

Ethical decision-making

A rational, spiritual, and free being capable of self-direction and moral choice.

Human person

The ability to decide one’s own actions independently.

Self-determination

The duty to answer for the moral consequences of one’s freely chosen actions.

Moral responsibility

An action that consistently reflects good moral character.

Virtuous act

Fairness and respect for rights in society.

Justice

Sensitivity to others’ suffering with the desire to help

Compassion

Open and respectful communication to achieve understanding.

Dialogue

Rejecting violence and using peaceful means to solve conflicts.

Active nonviolence

Responsible care and protection of the environment.

Stewardship

Unity and mutual support among people.

Solidarity

Awareness of one’s responsibilities to the worldwide community.

Global citizenship

The values and character traits that shape how a person or group understands right and wrong.

Moral identity

Relating to others in a subjective or emotional rather than objective way.

Personalism

Prioritizing family interests over wider social responsibility.

Family-centeredness

Consistent self-control and obedience to rules.

Discipline

Lack of initiative or active participation.

Passivity

Examining one’s own actions and values to improve morally.

Self-reflection

Ability to recover and adapt during difficulties.

Resilience

Warm and generous treatment of guests or strangers.

Hospitality