Anatomy and Physiology of Resonance-Articulation

articulation

adjustment of the vocal tract by moving the articulators

articulators

structures of the vocal tract that shape sound into meaningful units of speech

\# bones in skull

22

\# of bones in cranium

8 - protect and house the brain

\# of bones in face

14 - framework for articulation, chewing, expression

sutures

join bones of the face and cranium

speech sounds

phonemes

sagittal suture

divides skull into left and right - same plane as longitudinal fissure

coronal suture

divides skull into front and back

lamboidal suture

separates parietal from occipital

occipitomastoid suture

divides occipital from temporal bone

anterior fontanelle

largest suture in newborn, as child grows, need space to grow. Sutures fuse together by age 2 or 3

Mandible

largest/strongest facial bone, lower jaw

mental symphysis

midline of mandible, fuses during 1st year

ramus of mandible

vertical part of the mandible

corpus of mandible

front part of the mandible

mental/mandibular foramen

nerves and blood vessels pass through here on mandible

condylar and coronoid processes

parts of mandible

condylar process

articulates with the temporal bone - makes up the TMJ

dental alveoli

tooth sockets on mandible

mandible role for speech

houses lower teeth, point of attachment for tongue, movement changes shape of oral cavity

maxillae

paired bones of upper jaw, houses upper teeth, forms most of the hard palate

frontal process of maxilla

with frontal bone, forms frame of nose

alveolar process of maxilla

spongy sockets for upper teeth

zygomatic process of maxilla

runs laterally to connect to cheek bone

palatine process of maxilla

anterior 2/3 of hard palate

intermaxillary suture

runs front to back, terminates at the incisive foramen - if doesn't fuse, you will get cleft palate

premaxillary suture

separates first four teeth from palatine process - if doesnt fuse you will get cleft lip

incisive foramen

beginning of intermaxillary suture

nasal crest

houses vomer bone, runs between the nares

nasal bones

paired and small, form bridge of nose, where glasses sit

nasal conchae

paired, when convered in mucuous, they are called turbinates

inferior nasal conchae

small bones that make up bottom part of the lateral nasal wall

middle and superior nasal conchae

processes of ethmoid bone

nasal turbinates

provide increased surface area for warming and filtering the air.

sneeze

reflex action to force pollutants out of nose

pallatine bones

paired, L-shaped bones at the back of the nasal cavity, behind the maxilla. Forms the posterior wall of nasal cavity and forms posterior 1/3 of hard palate

vomer bone

single, plow-shaped bone. Forms the lower, posterior portion of nasal cavity, cartilage of nasal septum attaches to it.

zygomatic bones

paired, cheek bones. Form the lateral and inferior part of orbital cavity (where eye is housed)

lacrimal bones

paired, smallest of the facial bones. helps form medial walls of the orbital cavities. helps form posterior wall of nasal cavity.

ethmoid bone

unpaired, behind frontal bone. contributes to facial bones. projects down from frontal bone to help form walls of the orbital and nasal cavities

ethmoid bone \# parts

6

cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

separates cranial from nasal space

ethmoidal labyrinths

help form superior and middle nasal conchae

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

contributes to nasal septum

crista galli of ethmoid

point of attachment for falx cerebri (dura mater that separates the hemispheres)

sphenoid bone

most complex of cranial bones, forms posterior of orbit and a portion of the sides of skull, consists of central portion and greater and lesser wings (butterfly-shaped)

frontal bone

unpaired, forms forehead, anterior brain case

frontal eminences

elevations above eyes (eyebrows)

glabella

prominence above nasal notch

orbital portion of frontal bone

anterior and superior aspects of orbital cavity

sinuses

where you feel sinus pressure, fluid drains into sinuses when have infection

parietal bones

forms most of the top of the skull, largest in the cranium, paired, separated by sagittal suture

occipital bone

unpaired, forms posterior and inferior portion of skull, articulates with C1 and C2

foramen magnum

hole in occipital bone of skull through which spinal cord runs

vertebral foramen

hole through which spinal cord runs through vertebrae

temporal bone

paired, covers the ear area, 5 parts

petrous portion of temporal bone

houses cochlea and semicircular canals - internal balance

squamous portion of temporal bone

articulates with zygomatic bone

mastoid process of temporal bone

point of attachment

tympanic process of temporal bone

houses ear canal

styloid process of temporal bone

point of attachment

sinuses

air filled spaces within cranium, minimal contribution to resonant characteristics of skull bones, slightly reduces weight of skull:
frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

mobile articulators

tongue, mandible, velum (soft palate), lips, cheeks, pharynx, faucal pillars

immobile articulators

alveolar ridge of maxillae, hard palate, teeth

4 types of teeth

incisors (4 central, 4 lateral)
cuspids (4 pointed)
bicuspids (8, premolars)
molars (12) (8 if no wisdom teeth)

tooth structure

2/3 tooth beneath gums

5 surfaces of teeth

medial, distal, lingual, buccal, occlusal (contact surface)

incisors

cut

cuspids and bicuspids

shred, canine teeth

molars

grind

deciduous teeth

non-permanent, baby teeth, fewer and smaller than permanent teeth, no bicuspids, only 2 molars

Dental development

deciduous teeth begin erupting at 6-9 months:
central incisors (lower then upper)
erupt front to back
last ones emerge around 24 months, full set around 2 yrs

successional teeth

permanet, adult teeth,

Shedding of deciduous teeth

start shedding baby teeth around 6 - 12 yrs old:
roots reabsorbed, teeth fall out easily
permanent teeth erupt between 6-25 years
bicuspids and 3rd molar added
wisdom teeth come in around 25 years old
total \= 32 teeth

dental occlusion

occlusion - bringing upper and lower surfaces of teeth together, important for mastication - chewing

class 1 occlusion

normal projection of upper and lower incisors

class 2 malocclusion

overbite, projection of upper incisors anterior to lower incisors

class 3 malocclusion

underbite, prominent mandible, prognathia

micrognathia

small mandible, also considered class 2 malocclusion

supraverted

teeth too long, preventing occlusion

persistent open bite

front teeth don't close due to supraverted back teeth

persistent closed bite

front teeth supraverted, keep back teeth from closing

torsiverted

rotated on vertical axis

labioverted

tilted toward lips

buccoverted

tilt toward cheek

linguaverted

tilt toward tongue

distoverted

tilt back

mesioverted

tilt forward

infraverted

too short, no occlusion

vocal tract cavities

buccal, oral, oropharyngeal isthmus, pharyngeal, nasal

buccal cavity

small space between lips and cheeks externally and gums and teeth internally, cavity may be place for food residue, cheeks made of adipose tissue and mucous membrane

oral cavity

bounded by teeth and alveolar process, hard and soft palates, palatoglossal arch, muscular floor (mostly tongue)

oropharyngeal isthmus

port through which the oral cavity communicates with the nasal and pharyngeal cavities, aka oropharynx

pharyngeal cavity

muscular membrane tube from base of skull to C6 and cricoid. about 12 cm long, contracts in deglutition, important in closing velopharyngeal port

pharyngeal cavity

3 regions:
1. nasopharynx - space above velum, contains orifice ot eustachian tubes
2. oropharynx - faucial pillars to hyoid
3. laryngopharynx - hyoid to vocal folds

nasal cavity

constructed of maxialle, palatines, nasal bone, nasal conchae (turbinates with mucus membrane), covered wtih mucus membrane, secreting and beating epithelia cells called cilia

nasal cavity division

divided by nasal septum, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, cartilaginous septum

nasal cavity anterior opening

nares or nostrils

nasal cavity posterior opening

from nasal cavities to nasopharynx - nasal conchae