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give the meaning of the term electronegativity
the power of an atom to attract a pair of electrons in a covalent bond
how do permanent dipole-dipole forces arise between hydrogen chloride molecules
the difference in electronegativity between chlorine and hydrogen ion
so the hydrogen is slightly positive and the chloride ion is slightly positive
steps of how to figure out the shape of a molecule
calculate the number of bonding electrons
figure out how manny electrons are not bonded
the lone pairs and number of elements bonded dictate the shape and weather is has a permanent dipole
suggest why bromine is different from magnesium and why magnesium is liquid of a greater temperature range
bromine is a simple molecule which has weak van der waal’s forces between the molecule. This gives it a lower melting/boiling point. magnesium is a gaint metallic molecule which with cations surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons. this means that more energy is needed to overcome the strong electrostatic force of attraction between delocalised electrons and the ions. this means that the forces of attraction in magnesium in a liquid are stronger for a greater liquid range.
define and explain a dative covalent bond
a covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons) in which both electrons come from the same atom. so e.g both electrons come from a NH³ to aluminium chloride
how do bond angles change for dative covalent bonds
the bond angle decrease by 2.5 degrees per lone electron pairs
simple molecule
has a few atoms
macromolecular
billions of atoms bonded to each other
why silicon dioxide does not conduct electricity when moleten
there are no delocalised electrons which can move and carry charge
why type of crustal molecule does graphene have
macromolecular
why is graphene and excellent conductor od electricity
has delocalised electrons that can move through the crystal
what type of crystal is titanium
gaint metallic
why does titanium have a high melting point
strong electrostatic force of attraction between the atoms
why are metalls malleable
the layers of atoms slide over each other
why do objects with different strengths have simalar strengths
because both objects the same bond strength in metallic bonding
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