Imperialism

Arguments for Imperialism

Driven by the need for new economic markets, raw materials, naval power (Mahan), and the belief in "Social Darwinism."

Arguments against Imperialism

Focused on the idea that empire-building was undemocratic, expensive, and violated the "consent of the governed."

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized and exaggerated news (Hearst/Pulitzer) designed to influence public opinion and push the U.S. toward war with Spain.

Cuban Rebellion

The 1895 revolt against Spanish rule; reports of Spanish "reconcentration camps" fueled American interventionist sentiment.

Spanish-American War

The 1898 "Splendid Little War" that ended Spanish rule in the Americas and established the U.S. as a global empire.

The Philippines

Purchased for $20 million after the war; the U.S. fought a brutal three-year insurrection here to maintain control of the islands.

Was Expansion Justified?

A debate between "Duty and Destiny" (spreading democracy/trade) vs. "Violation of Liberty" (imposing rule on others).

Big Stick Diplomacy

Teddy Roosevelt’s policy: Use peaceful negotiation first, but keep a powerful military ready to enforce U.S. interests.

War Without Victory

Wilson’s idealistic plea for a peace settlement that wouldn't punish the losers, hoping to prevent future world conflicts.

American Response to War

Shifted from isolationism and neutrality to total home-front mobilization, including war bonds and the draft.

U-Boat

German submarines that used "stealth" tactics to disrupt trade, seen by Americans as a "dishonorable" way to fight.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's 1917 policy of sinking all ships (including neutral ones) without warning; the primary catalyst for U.S. entry into WWI.

The Lusitania

A British liner sunk in 1915; the loss of 128 Americans turned the U.S. public against Germany long before the official declaration of war.

Zimmermann Telegram

A German proposal to Mexico for an alliance against the U.S.; it promised Mexico the return of TX, NM, and AZ if they joined.

Propaganda

Tools used by the Committee on Public Information (CPI) to "sell" the war to the public through posters, films, and speeches.