Gr.10 Bio(Animal tissues, organs, organ systems)

Animal tissues

Tissue:

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Function: lines body cavities and outer surfaces of body, protects organs, keeps organs in place, forms glands that produce hormones/enzymes/sweat.

Skin epithelia: Thin, flat cells that form sheets and act as a semi-permeable barrier between the inside and outside of the body.

Columnar Epithelia: Made of columns of cells that line the small intestine, stomach, and glands.

Connective Tissue

Function: supports and protects structures, forms blood, stores fat, fills empty space.

Bone: made of cells surrounded by calcium-hardened tissue through which blood vessels run, needed for movement/support/protection.

Fat: large/tightly packed cells, found under skin and around organs, needed for energy storage/paddling/insulation.

Blood: includes red blood cells/white blood cells/platelets within a straw-coloured liquid matrix called plasma, transports nutrients/oxygen, clots when skin is cut, attracts invaders(bacteria/viruses).

Muscle Tissue

Function: allows movement, designed to change shape, act by shortening and lengthening

Skeletal muscle: cells that line up in the same direction(makes tissue look striped), attaches to bone so the body can move, found in places where body needs support(limbs: arms, legs).

Smooth muscle: cells that are tapered at both ends(don’t look striped), contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle but its action is sustained for a long time, found in blood vessels and walls of internal organs(esophagus, stomach).

Cardiac muscle: cells w/nuclei that appear to be between cells, branched/unevenly striped, contracts as a unit, found in the heart.

Nervous Tissue

Function: responds to stimuli, transports and stores information, coordinates body actions.

Specialized cells: cells called neurons, which have finger-like projects to receive and transfer signals.

Eg. brain and spinal cord, peripheral nervous system

Animal organs

Organ: a structure in an organism made of cells and tissues which perform specific functions.

Fun fact: there are 78 organs in the human body.

Skin

Tissues:

• Epidermis: outer protective layer

• Dermis: inner layer of skin

Function:

• Protects cell from damage/infection.

• Senses the environment(pain, pressure, heat, cold)

• Releases excess heat by dilation of blood vessels

• Cools body by sweating

• Insulates body with layers of fat

Lungs

Tissues:

• Connective and epidermal

Function:

• Allows intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

• When we inhale, air passes into our lungs and eventually reaches the alveoli. Tiny thin-walled

  blood vessels called capillaries surround the alveoli and allow for gas exchange through

  diffusion. Air then leaves our lungs when we exhale.

Heart

Component tissues:

• All 4

Function:

• Supplies blood to all parts of the body.

• 300 g. size of a fist.

• Deoxygenated blood: flows from the body to the right side of the heart where it gets pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated.

• Oxygenated blood: flows back to the left side of the heart which then pumps it out to the rest of the body.

Organs of digestion

Component tissues:

• Epithelial, connective, muscle

Function:

• Esophagus moves food along by peristalsis, the constriction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the esophageal walls.

• Stomach churns food and mixes it with digestive juices and enzymes.

• Intestines absorb nutrients and water.

Human organ systems

Muscular System

Organs: muscles, supporting structures

Function: Works with bones to move parts of the body.

Skeletal System

Organs: bones, cartilage

Function: supports, protects, and works with muscles to move parts of the body.

Nervous System

Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Function: detects changes in the environment and signals these changes to the body, coordinates responses, controls body functions.

Lymphatic System

Organs: thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

Function: protects body from diseases, absorbs/transports fats

Endocrine System

Organs: glands, pancreas, ovaries/testes

Functions: controls growth, development and metabolism, manufactures/releases hormones that act along with nervous system to keep various body systems in balance.

Excretory System

Organs: kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra

Functions: removes liquid wastes from the body.

Reproductive System

Organs: ovaries, uterus, testes

Functions: reproduction

Integumentary System

Organ: skin and associated structures

Structure: protects body from various things(injury, invasion by infectious organisms, abrupt changes in temperature)

Circulatory System

Organs: heart, blood, blood vessels

Function: Transport of materials(blood/nutrients/gases/wastes) within the body

• Movement of oxygen from the lungs to all the body cells

• Movement of carbon dioxide from all the body cells to lungs

• Movement of nutrients from the small intestine to the body cells

• Movement of waste products from the body cells to the kidneys and skins

Blood moving through the circulatory system!

1. Heart contracts —> produces pressure on blood —> blood moves thru the body

2. Valves(flexible flaps of tissues in heart/veins) open when blood pushes thru them but closes to prevent it from flowing backwards.

How blood moves:

1. Deoxygenated blood moves to heart’s right atrium (which receives blood from body).

2. From the right atrium blood moves to the right ventricle (which pumps blood to lungs) where blood eliminates CO2 and picks up oxygen.

3. Oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium (which receives blood from lungs) and then to the left ventricle (which pumps blood out to the rest of the body through a huge artery called the aorta)

4. This blood travels through the body becomes deoxygenated and goes back to the heart’s right atrium.

Deoxygenated blood: blood that returns from the body where body cells removed the oxygen and carries carbon dioxide waste from cellular respiration.

Blood

• type of connective tissue

• transport liquid pumped by the heart to all parts of the body

• Composed of:

  • plasma: yellowish liquid that holds the blood cells, protein, and other constitutes of whole blood in suspension.

  • white blood cells: protect from infection.

  • platelets: allow for blood clotting

  • red blood cells: carry oxygen due to hemoglobin from the lungs to body cells.

Blood cells

Red blood cells: hemoglobin in the cell is iron-containing protein that transports oxygen to the tissues of the body.

White blood cells: fights diseases and foreign invaders.

Platelets: aid in blood clotting and are involved in repairing damaged blood cells.

Artery

(Type of blood vessel)

Role: carries blood away from heart.

Structure: thick elastic wall, small lumen

Capillary

(Type of blood vessel)

Role: site of exchange between blood and cells/tissues

• Bring blood into close contact w/tissues in the digestive system so that the blood can pick up nutrients from digested food.

• Bring blood close to the alveolus where blood picks up oxygen.

• Capillaries also deliver blood that is rich in oxygen/nutrients which picking up waste to transport to kidneys/lungs where they are removed from bloodstream.

Structure: single thick cell wall, smallest diameter (only 1 epidermal cell thick)

Red = oxygenated, going to body

Blue = deoxygenated, going to heart

Vein

Role: carry blood toward the heart

Structure: thin wall, large lumen, valves present to help push blood back to heart

Respiratory System

Organs: trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles

Functions: gas exchange(bringing oxygen into the body and getting rid of the CO2), controls breathing

Working with other systems: when you breathe muscles contractions cause your rib cage to move up/down and your diaphragm to move down.

Respiratory system process

1. Air enters through nasal passages ad pharynx, then moves into trachea.

2. The epiglottis controls the passage: it opens for air and closes for food.

3. Air travels through the bronchi, which branch into smaller bronchioles that regulate airflow via muscle contraction.

4. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

5. Carbon dioxide is expelled when the chest muscles and diaphragm relax during exhalation.

6. Body adjusts breathing rate based on carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Gas exchange in respiratory system

• Occurs in alveolus(plural = alveoli)

• Oxygen gas and carbon dioxide diffuse through 2 thin walls: alveolus wall and capillary wall.

• Oxygen gas diffuse from the air in the alveoli into the blood where it binds to the red blood cells.

• Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and moves into the alveolus and is exhaled in the air we breathe.

Digestive System

Organs: esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver

Function:

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Egestion

Mechanical digestion:

• Physical change

• Biting, chewing, contractions, peristalsis

• Occurs in mouth, esophagus, stomach

Chemical digestion:

• Chemical change

• Occurs in mouth, stomach, small intestine due to digestive enzymes