APUSH Anchors 1-6

J. P. Morgan

An influential banker and financier who played a key role in the reorganization of several major industries and the creation of General Electric and U.S. Steel.

Andrew Carnegie

A steel magnate who led the expansion of the American steel industry and is known for his philanthropy, particularly in libraries and education.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of the Standard Oil Company, he became one of the richest individuals in history and is known for his role in the development of the petroleum industry.

Eugene V. Debs

A labor leader and socialist who co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World and ran for President of the United States five times.

Jane Addams

A social reformer and activist who co-founded Hull House in Chicago, which provided social services to immigrants and the poor.

Jacob Riis

A journalist and social reformer known for his work in exposing the living conditions of the urban poor in New York City through photography and writing.

Upton Sinclair

An author and social activist best known for his novel 'The Jungle,' which exposed the harsh conditions and exploitation in the meatpacking industry.

W.E.B. DuBois

An African American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for the rights of African Americans.

Teddy Roosevelt

The 26th President of the United States, known for his progressive policies, trust-busting efforts, and conservation of natural resources.

Susan B. Anthony

A prominent women's rights activist who played a crucial role in the women's suffrage movement in the United States.

Gilded Age

A period in U.S. history from the 1870s to about 1900 characterized by rapid economic growth, industrialization, and social issues, including inequality and corruption.

Horizontal Integration

A business strategy where a company acquires or merges with its competitors to increase market share and reduce competition.

Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production, from raw materials to final product distribution.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

An economic system where the government minimizes its involvement in the economy, allowing businesses to operate freely.

Captains of Industry/Robber Barons

Terms used to describe powerful business leaders of the Gilded Age, with 'Captains of Industry' suggesting positive contributions and 'Robber Barons' implying exploitation.

Bread and Butter Issues

Basic economic concerns of workers, such as wages, working conditions, and job security.

Haymarket Square Riot

A violent confrontation in 1886 in Chicago that began as a peaceful labor rally advocating for an eight-hour workday but escalated into a riot.

Homestead Strike

A 1892 labor strike at the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania that turned violent when workers protested wage cuts.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike in 1894 that began at the Pullman Company and escalated into a major confrontation between labor and the federal government.

Knights of Labor

An early labor organization that sought to unite all workers and advocated for social reforms, including the eight-hour workday.

American Federation of Labor

A national federation of labor unions in the United States that focused on skilled workers and aimed to improve wages and working conditions.

Ellis Island

An immigration station in New York Harbor where millions of immigrants were processed from 1892 to 1954.

Nativism

A political policy favoring the interests of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants.

Social Darwinism

A belief that the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest apply to human societies, often used to justify social inequality.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A federal law enacted in 1882 that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States.

Gospel of Wealth

An essay by Andrew Carnegie that argued wealthy individuals have a moral obligation to distribute their wealth for the greater good of society.

Social Gospel Movement

A religious movement that emerged in the late 19th century advocating for social justice and reform based on Christian ethics.

Populist Party

A political party formed in the 1890s that represented the interests of farmers and laborers, advocating for economic reforms.

Bi-mentalism

A term referring to the belief in the dual standard of currency, particularly in the context of the gold and silver debate.

The 'Cross of Gold' speech

A famous speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention advocating for the free coinage of silver.

Tammany Hall

A political organization in New York City known for its influence in local politics and its association with corruption and patronage.

Progressivism

A social and political movement in the early 20th century aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.

17th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote.

18th Amendment

An amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States, leading to Prohibition.

19th Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that granted women the right to vote.

The Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program that aimed to protect the interests of workers, consumers, and businesses.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A federal law enacted in 1890 aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting competition in business.

Socialism

An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods.

The Gilded Age

A term used to describe the late 19th century in America, marked by economic growth, industrialization, and social issues.

Columbus

Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain in 1492 to find a Western water passage to the spice islands of Asia; landed in the West Indies and started the Columbian Exchange.

John Cabot

Sponsored by Henry VII of England to explore the Eastern coast of North America, giving England claim to the future 13 colonies.

De Las Casas

A Spanish member of the Catholic clergy who opposed Spain’s brutal treatment of Native Americans through the Encomienda System.

John Smith

The military leader of Jamestown.

Powhatan

Leader of the Native American group of the same name that encountered and unsuccessfully revolted against the Jamestown colonists in 1622.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown, creating a profitable crop.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader of Massachusetts.

Roger Williams

Banished from Massachusetts for dissenting from Puritan views; founded Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson

Exiled from Massachusetts for Antinomianism (belief that you don’t have to follow laws or moral norms); went to Rhode Island.

William Penn

Quaker leader of Pennsylvania.

1492

Columbus sets off on his voyages of discovery, marking the start of Eastern and Western contact and the Columbian Exchange.

1607

Founding of the first successful English colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of flora and fauna, including crops, animals, and diseases, between the “Old” world and the “New”.

Encomienda System

The Spanish method of exploiting Native Americans for labor in the Western Hemisphere.

God, Gold, Glory

The main motivations for Spanish and European goals for exploration.

Pueblo Revolt

Successful revolt of indigenous groups of Santa Fe against Spanish brutality and attempts to Christianize them.

The Chesapeake

Site of the first successful English colonies, including Jamestown, Virginia and Maryland; known for tobacco cultivation using slave labor.

The New England Colonies

Settled by Pilgrims and Puritans; characterized by religious intolerance and family farms for subsistence farming; economies revolved around the sea.

The Middle Colonies

Including New York and Pennsylvania; the most diverse and tolerant of the English colonies; grew cereal crops as the “Bread Basket”.

The Southern Colonies

Including the Carolinas and Georgia; relied on Rice as a cash crop and heavily relied on African slave labor

The West Indies

Including Barbados; relied on sugar as a cash crop and relied heavily on African slave labor

House of Burgesses

The first elected representative body in the English colonies, located in Jamestown, Virginia.

Indentured Servants

People from Europe who worked for sponsors for approximately 7 years in exchange for transportation to the Americas.

The Mayflower Compact

The first governmental document in the English colonies, signed by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower in 1620.

Mercantilism

A heavily regulated economic theory of the 17th century that had a goal of keeping gold in the mother country.

Bacon’s Rebellion

First colonial rebellion for land rights against Virginia governor William Berkeley; led to diminished indentured servitude and more restrictive laws against African slaves.

King Philip’s War

Major uprising of Native Americans in New England, led by Metacom (King Phillip), against English settlers encroaching on their land; bloodiest war per capita in U.S. history.

The Middle Passage

Segment of the triangular trade where Africans were transported as slaves to the West Indies and the colonies; approximately 12.5 million Africans were transported.

The Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the English colonies that challenged people to turn back to God. Led by preachers like Jonathon Edwards and George Whitefield. Paved the way for a more democratic approach to faith and the idea of more equality in society. Opened the way for national unity.

Thomas Paine

Wrote 'Common Sense' in 1776 to convince Americans to break free from Britain, advocating for representative governments.

George Washington

Led the Continental Army during the American Revolution, presided over the Constitutional Convention, and served as the first U.S. president.

Alexander Hamilton

Primary author of the 'Federalist Papers,' first Secretary of Treasury, and advocate for a National Bank. Leader of the Federalist Party.

John Adams

Founding Father, instrumental in forming the Declaration of Independence, Washington’s Vice President, and 2nd president of the USA.

Thomas Jefferson

Primary writer of the Declaration of Independence, first Secretary of State, and 3rd U.S. president. Leader of the Democratic-Republican party.

Benjamin Franklin

Influential Founding Father, proponent for independence, proposed the Albany Plan, spearheaded the repeal of the Stamp Act, and secured French support during the Revolutionary War.

Peace of Paris

(1763) Ended the French and Indian War in Britain’s favor.

Proclamation Line

(1763) Prevented colonists from moving west across the Appalachian Mountains, increasing tensions with Britain.

Declaration of Independence

(1776) Written by Thomas Jefferson, declared the colonists' independence from Britain, based on the ideas of Natural Rights.

Peace of Paris

(1783) Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, recognizing America as an independent nation.

Constitutional Convention

(1787) Meeting in Philadelphia to write a new Constitution after Shay’s Rebellion exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Stamp Act

Direct tax on paper that upset colonists due to lack of representation in Parliament.

Sons of Liberty

Organized group that led protests and boycotts of British goods, opposing actions infringing on their liberty.

Boston Massacre

Arising from tensions between colonists and British troops, resulting in the death of 5 colonists.

Intolerable Acts

Acts passed against Boston in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston Harbor.

Lexington and Concord

The sites of the first shots of the Revolutionary War.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the Revolutionary War, leading to French support for the Americans.

Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to the British and opposed independence.

Patriots

Colonists who supported the war for independence.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that mothers should be educated to teach their children to be patriotic.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States that was too weak and needed to be revised.

Shay’s Rebellion

Showed that the government created by the Articles of Confederation was too weak to manage national problems.

The Great Compromise

Resolved the issue of state representation in Congress by creating a bicameral legislature.

Federalism

A system of government with both a national (Federal) and state governments.

Separation of Powers

A system with separate branches of government (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) that keep each other in check.

3/5th Clause

Compromise designating slaves as 3/5ths of a person for representation in Congress.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution’s ratification, led by Alexander Hamilton.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who only supported it once a Bill of Rights was added.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, protecting civil liberties.

Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, they favored strong state governments and strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

Demonstrated the strength of the new government under the Constitution to deal with internal challenges.