Praxis 7001 Earth and Space

The practice of science should outline...

asking questions, developing and using models, investigating, analyzing, engaging in evidence based arguments.

How does a solar eclipse occur?

When the moon passes directly between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight from Earth

What is a lunar eclipse?

the moon passes into the earth's shadow.

What is a supernova?

the explosion of a star

What is the life cycle of a star?

1.) Begins with a nebula

2.) Eventually a protostar is formed

3.) The star dies depending on what type of star it is

The larger the star, the shorter it's life

What is used to measure the direction of travel and speed of stars and galaxies?

the doppler effect

What are the phases of the moon?

new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent

What does the moon look like in the new moon phase?

no light

What does the moon look like in the waxing crest phase?

silver sliver

What does the moon look like in the 1st quarter phase?

quarter of the way through the cycle, half illuminated.

What does the moon look like in the waxing gibbous phase?

day side is mostly visible and bright

What does the moon look like in the full moon phase?

whole moon is visible.

What does the moon look like in the waning gibbous phase?

day side is mostly visible and bright but leaving

What does the moon look like in the last quarter phase?

four quarter of the way through the cycle, half illuminated.

What does the moon look like in the crest phase?

silver sliver but leaving

How long has the universe been expanding?

13.8 billion years

What is the sun made of?

hydrogen and helium

What are the gaseous planets?

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (outer planets)

What are the Ice Giants?

Uranus and Neptune

What are the 5 dwarf planets?

Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris

What is a galaxy?

a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction.

What are the rocky planets?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

How are the inner planets different from the outer planets?

inner planets are smaller and composed of rock and metals.

The outer planets are larger and composed of gas and ice.

What are meteorites?

Rocks that come to earth from outer space

What are asteroids?

chunks of rock that orbit the sun

What are comets?

small lumps of icy rock which orbit the sun

What planet is similar to earth in size, density, and mass?

Venus

What is a metamorphic rock?

An igneous or sedimentary rock changed by heat and pressure

Phanerozoic Eon

most recent eon, include the past 542 million years, divided into 3 eras

Proterozoic Eon

541 Million year ago

multicellular organism

bacteria produces oxygen

plants, animals, and fungi begin to form.

Archean Eon

2.5 Billion years ago

Prokaryote life

atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases.

Hadean Eon

4.5 to 4 billion years ago

molten surface, volcanism, asteroid impact

moon is formed

earth forms out of debris around the solar disk.

Mesozoic Era

252-66 million years ago

pangea breaks apart

mammals, birds, plants develop

age of the reptiles and dinosaurs

Paleozoic era

dominates by marine life

carboniferous

sea levels rose and submerges north america four times

Pangea

Cenozoc Era

mammals dominate

tectonics moved to what we know now

Devonian Period

Age of Fishes

Permian Mass Extinction

The greatest extinction ever in Earth's history caused by widespread volcanic activity that ended the Paleozoic era.

When did dinosaurs develop?

Permian era

Geological time scale

A time scale established by geologists that reflects a consistent sequence of historical periods, grouped into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

When did reptiles begin to develop?

during the carboniferous era

Rodinia

A supercontinent older than Pangaea that formed about 1.1 billion years ago and began to break up about 750 million years ago.

How old is Earth?

4.6 billion years old

What were the earliest life forms?

prokaryotes

What modern animal group emerged during mesozoic?

frogs, turles, marine reptiles, mammals

Proterozoic life

single-celled organisms then eukaryotic

Fauna During Ediacaran period

soft bodies organism that was among the 1st multicellular organism.

Paleozoic Evolution

hard bodied organism

cambrian explosion

Pikaia

mollusks

ended due to a small ice age.

What was the global ocean basin surrounding Pangea?

Panthalassa

What is the origin of the continents?

volcanic eruption brought material to the surface 4.4 billion years ago

the settling of materials led to tectonic plates

The greatest difference in water level between a low tide and a high tide occurs because of what alignment of the moon, sun, and earth?

full moon or new moon phase

Glaciers

huge, slow moving sheets of ice formed when there is more snow fall than what is melted each year.

What is the origin of earths water?

Water may have come to Earth by way of icy planetesimals from the outer solar system.

What are the 3 types of seismic waves?

primary, secondary, surface

What is a primary seismic wave?

fastest, travel through solids, liquids, and gases.

What is a secondary seismic wave?

travel through earths interior, half-speed of P waves, and travel through rock.

What is a surface seismic wave?

move along earth's surface, slowest wave.

What are the measure of an earthquake?

light, moderate, major, great

What is the range for a light earthquake?

3-4.9

What is the range for a moderate earthquake?

5-6.9

What is the range for a major earthquake?

7-7.9

What is the range for a great earthquake?

8 or greater

Which layer of the atmosphere is the aurora borealis displayed?

thermosphere

What is the cause of the aurora borealis?

the interaction between charges particles from the sun and the earths magnetic field. Charges particles collide with gases and emit light.

What are sprites?

reddish vertical electrical discharges that appear above thunderheads.

What is the lithosphere?

the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

What does the mantle consist of?

aluminum and silicates

What are the 5 mechanical layers of solid earth?

lithosphere

asthenosphere

mesosphere

outer core

inner core

what are elves

dim halo shaped discharges

Exosphere

The 6th layer of the atmosphere, solar storms can make this layer very small, mostly hydrogen.

This is where satellites orbit.

Thermosphere

The 5th layer of the atmosphere, the thickest layer, high temperature, but low heat transfer.

Where the Hubble space telescope and international station are.

Mesosphere

The 3rd layer of the atmosphere, has the coldest temps, shooting stars are visible here, and is the least understood layer. This is where elves and sprites live.

Stratosphere

The 2nd layer of the atmosphere, strong horizontal winds, dry and cloudless, contains small amounts of the ozone.

Troposphere

The lowest atmospheric layer, almost all weather develops here.

This is where the greenhouse effect occurs.

What are the five layers of the atmosphere?

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere

Exosphere

What is the mesosphere of the solid earth?

lower mantle, materials flow at much slower rate than the asthenosphere.

Asthenosphere

region of the mantle that flows but is not liquid.

What is conduction?

The transfer of heat from particle to particle.