Abnormal Psychology: Chapter 14 Study Set

Bullying

The repeated infliction of force, threats, or coercion in order to intimidate, hurt, or dominate another, less powerful person.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figure.

Selective Mutism

A disorder marked by failure to speak in certain social situations when speech is expected, despite ability to speak in other situations.

Play Therapy

An approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry, irritable, and perhaps vindictive.

Conduct Disorder

A disorder in which children repeatedly violate the basic rights of others and display significant aggression.

Parent Management Training

A treatment approach for conduct disorder in which therapists combine family and cognitive-behavioral interventions to help improve family functioning and help parents deal with their children more effectively.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

A form of therapy in which therapists teach parents to work with their children positively, set appropriate limits, act consistently, be fair and structured in their discipline, and establish appropriate expectations regarding the child.

Internet-delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (iPCIT)

A type of parent-child interaction therapy that involves the use of technologies, such as videoconferencing, to treat children with severe conduct problems.

Multisystemic Therapy

Parental management training that involves interactions in the children’s schools, social lives, and the broader community.

Problem-Solving Skills Training

A therapeutic approach in which therapists combine modeling, practice, role-playing, and systematic rewards to teach children constructive thinking and positive social behaviors.

Juvenile Training Centers (Juvenile Detention Centers

A form of institutionalization intended to resocialize young offenders.

Enuresis

A childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting or wetting of clothes.

Alarm Treatment

A widely used classical conditioning approach in which a bell and battery are wired to a pad consisting of two metallic foil sheets, and the entire apparatus is placed under a child at bedtime. The system in used to stop bedwetting in young children.

Dry-Bed Training

A cognitive-behavioral treatment method in which children receive training in retention control, are awakened periodically during the night, practice getting out of bed and going to the bathroom, and are appropriately rewarded in order to eliminate bed wetting.

Encopresis (Soiling)

A childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one’s clothing.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A group of disabilities — including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability — in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or in very early childhood and affect one’s behavior, memory, concentration, or ability to learn.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or by overactive and impulsive behavior, or both.

Type 1 Attention Processes

Attention system processing that is involuntarily controlled and focuses our attention on unexpected things that occur in our surroundings, such as sudden sounds or startling information.

Type 2 Attention Processes

Mental activities that we control, and they involve our effortful focus of attention.

Attention Circuit

A number of structures that work together throughout the brain to bring about attention and to maintain a proper balance between Type 1 and Type 2 attention processes.

Methylphenidate

A stimulant drug, better known by the trade names Ritalin or Concerta, commonly used to treat ADHD. The most common medication for children with ADHD

Amphetamines

A simulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A disorder marked by substantial unresponsiveness to others, significant communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities.

Echolalia

The exact echoing of phrases spoken by others.

Theory of Mind

An awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information that they have no way of knowing.

Joint Attention

Sharing focus with other people on items or events in one’s immediate surrounding, whether through shared eye-gazing, pointing, referencing, or other verbal or nonverbal indications that one is paying attention to the same object.

Augmentative Communication System

A method for enhancing the communications of people with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or cerebral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on a communication bord or computer.

Intellectual Disability (ID)

A disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average. Also called intellectual developmental disorder

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A score derived from an intelligence test that theoretically represents one’s overall intellectual capacity.

Mild ID (IQ 50-70)

An IQ typically ranging from 50-70. Often called the “educable” level because the individuals can benefit from schooling and can support themselves as adults.

Moderate ID (IQ 35-49)

An IQ typically ranging from 35-49. Individuals demonstrate clear deficits in language development and play during their preschool years.

Severe ID (IQ 20-34)

An IQ typically ranging from 20-34. Individuals typically demonstrate basic motor and communication deficits during infancy. Many also show signs or neurological dysfunction and have an increased risk for brain seizure disorder.

Profound ID (IQ Below 20)

An IQ typically below 20. This form of intellectual disability is usually noticeable at birth or early infancy. Often appear as part of larger syndromes that include severe physical handicaps.

Down Syndrome

A form of intellectual disability caused by an abnormality in the 21st chromosome.

Trisomy 21

The most common type of down syndrome in which the person has three free-floating 21st chromosomes instead of two.

Fragile X Syndrome

The second most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability.

23rd Chromosome

Also known as the sex chromosome. Males (XY). Females (XX)

Recessive Genes

When two of these genes happen to be both defective and paired together, metabolic disorders that affect intelligence and development may impact the child.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

The most common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual disability. Impacts a child’s ability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine which may lead to severe intellectual dysfunction and several other symptoms.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A group of problems in a child, including lower intellectual functioning, low birth weight, and irregularities in hands and face, that result from excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy.

State School

A state-supported institution form people with intellectual disability.

Normalization

The principle that institutions and community residences for people with intellectual disability should provide living conditions and opportunities similar to those enjoyed by the rest of society.

Special Education

An approach to educating children with intellectual disability in which they are grouped together and given separate, specially designed education.

Mainstreaming (Inclusion)

The placement of children with intellectual disability in regular school classes. Also known as Inclusion.

Sheltered Workshops

Protected and supervised workplaces for employees who are not ready for competitive or complicated jobs.