Marine Biology 12 Review

Bacteria

one of the three major domains of life

Archaea

one of the three major domains of life

Eukarya

one of the three major domains of life

Monera

a kingdom of organisms that do not have nuclear material confined within a sheath but spread throughout the cell (bacteria, blue-green algae and Archaea)

Plantae

a kingdom of many-celled plants

Animalia

a kingdom of many-celled animals

Fungi

any of numerous eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom fungi, which lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue and range in form from a single cell toa body of mass filamentous structures that often produce specialized fruiting bodies (yeasts, molds, lichens, mushrooms)

Protoctista

a kingdom of organisms that includes any of the unicellular eukaryotic organisms and their descendent multicellular organisms. Includes single-celled animals called protozoa.

Protozoa

a phylum of one-celled animals with nuclear material confined within a nuclear sheath

Carolus Linnaeus

latinized name of swedish botanist Carl Von Linne. The father of taxonomic classification and binomial nomenclature.

Species

a fundamental category of taxonomic classification ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms of capable of interbreeding

Taxonomy

the classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natured relationships

Plankton

passively drifting or weakly organisms that are not independent of their environment. Includes mostly microscopic algae, protozoa, and larval forms of higher animals

Biomass

the total mass of defined organism or group of organisms in a particular community or in the ocean as a whole

Autotrophic

Algae, plants, and bacteria that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic nutrients.

Heterotrophic

animals and bacteria that depend on the organic compounds produced by other organisms as flood. Organisms not capable of producing their own food by photosynthesis

Phytoplankton

algal plankton one of the most important communities of primary producers in the ocean

Zooplankton

animal plankton

Bacterioplankton

Bacteria that live as plankton

Virioplankton

viruses that live as plankton

Meroplankton

planktonic larval forms of organisms they are members of the benthos or rekton as adults

Macroplankton

plankton larger than two centimeters (0.8 in) in their smallest dimension

Picoplankton

small plankton within the size range of 0.2 to 2.0 micrometers (0.000008 to 0.00008 in) in size. composed primarily of bacteria

Nekton

pelagic animals such as adult squids, fish, and mammals that are active swimmers to the extent that they can determine their position in the ocean by swimming

Benthos

the forms of marine life the live on the oceans bottom

Epifauna

animals that live on the ocean bottom, either attached or moving freely over it

Infauna

animals that live buried int he soft substrate (sand or mud)

Nektobenthos

those members of the benthos that can actively swim and spend much time off the bottom

Pelagic environment

the open ocean environment, which is divided into the neritic province (water doeth 0 to 200 meters or 656 ft) and the ocean province (water depth greater than 200 meters of 656 ft)

Protoplasm

the self-perpetuating living material making up all organisms, mostly consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen combined into various chemical forms.

Viscosity

a property of a substance to offer resistance to flow caused by internal friction

Streamlining

the shaping of an object so it produces the minimum of turbulence while moving through a fluid medium, the tear drop shape displays a high degree of streamlining.

Stenothermal

pertaining to organisms that can withstand only a small range of temperature change

Eurythermal

a descriptive term for organisms with a high tolerance for a wide range of temperature conditions

Stenohaline

pertains to organisms that can withstand only a small range if salinity hange

Euryhaline

a descriptive term for organisms with a high tolerance for a wide range of salinity conditions

Diffusion

a process by which materials move through fluids by random molecular movement from areas of high concentration to areas in which they are in lower concentrations, thus becoming evenly distributed

Osmosis

the process by which water molecules move through semipermeable membrane from higher water molecule concentration (lower salinity) to the lower water molecule concentration (higher salinity)

Osmotic pressure

a measure of the tendency for osmosis to occur it’s the pressure that must be applied to the more concentrate solution to prevent the passage of water molecules into it from the less concentrated solution

Isotonic

pertaining to the property of having equal osmotic pressure if the two such fluids were separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur. there would be no wet transfer of water molecules across the membrane.

Hypertonic

pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having a higher osmotic pressure (salinity) then another aqueous solution from which its separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur, the hypotonic fluid will gain water molecules through he membrane to the other fluid (Gain)

Hypotonic

pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having a higher osmotic pressure (salinity) then another aqueous solution from which its separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur, the hypotonic fluid will gain water molecules through he membrane to the other fluid (Lower)

Gills

a thin-walled projection from some part of the external body or the digestive tract used for respiration in a water environment

Countershading

protective coloration in an animal or insect, characterized by darker coloring of areas exposed to light and lighter coloring of areas that are normally shaded

Deep Scattering Layer (DSL)

a layer of marine organisms in the open ocean that scatter signals from an echo sounder. It migrates daily from depths of slightly over 100m (330 ft) at night to more than 800m (2600 ft) during the day

Crepuscular

term that describes animals that are active primarily during twilight (dawn and dusk)

Disruptive coloration

a marking or color patterns that confuses prey

Swim bladder

a gas-containing, flexible, cigar-shaped organ that aids many fishes in attaining neutral buoyancy

Biozones

a region of the environment that has distinctive biological characteristics

Neritic province

that portion of the pelagic environment from the shoreline to where the depth reaches 200 meters (660 ft)

Oceanic province

the division of the pelagic environment where the water depth is greater then 200 meters (660 ft)

Epipelagic zone

a subdivision of the oceanic province that extends from the surface depth of 200m (660 ft)

Mesopelagic zone

the portion of the oceanic province 200 to 1,000 meters (660 to 3,300 ft) deep corresponds approximately with the disphotic (twilight) zone

Bathypelagic zone

the pelagic enviorment

Abyssopelagic zone

the open ocean (oceanic) environment below 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) in depth

Euphotic zone

a layer that externals from the surface of the ocean to a depth where enough light exists to support photosynthesis, rarely deeper then 100m (330 ft)

Disphotic zone

dimly lit zone, corresponding approximant to the mesopelagic, in which there is not enough light to support photosynthesis organisms; sometimes called the twilight zone

Aphotic zone

a zone without light. the ocean is generally in this state below 1,000 meters (3280 ft)

Oxygen minimum layer (OML)

a zone of low dissolved oxygen concentration that occurs at a depth of about 700 to 1,000 meter (2,300 to 3380 ft)

Subneritic province

the benthic environment extending from the shoreline across the continental itself to the shelf break. it underlies the neretic province of the pelagic environment

Suboceanic province

the benthic environment seaward of the continental shelf

Littoral zone

the benthic zone between the highest and lowest spring tide shorelines; also known as the interided zone

Inner sublittoral zone

the zone on the inner continental shelf, above the intersection with the euphotic zone, where attached plants grow

Outer sublittoral zone

the continental shelf below the intersection with the euphotic zone where no plates grow attached to the bottom

Bathyal zone

The benthic environment between the depths of 200 and 4,000 meters (660 and 13,000 ft), it includes mainly the continental slope and the oceanic ridges and rises

Abyssal zone

the benthic environment between 4,000 and 6,000 meters (13,000 and 20,000 ft)

Hadal Zone

pertaining to the deepest ocean benthic environment, specifically that of ocean trenches deeper then 6 kilometers (3.7 miles)

Meroplankton

What are organisms called that only spend part of their life as plankton

Larger n size

When composing warm and cold plankton, colder are often…

stenohaline

What are organisms that cannot withstand large changes in salinities called?

Benthic Environments

Where are most marine species found?

difference in salinity decreases

Osmotic pressure increases as the…

they are isotonic with respect to their environment

What is true about the majority of marine invertebrates

flattened body, that tapers at the back

What is a common body type of streamlined marine organisms?

Eurythermal

What are organisms that can withstand large changes in temperature called?

increases bouyancy to prevent sinking

What are the needle like structures on planktonic organisms used for?

Diffusion

What is the movement of a substance in a solution from high concentration to low concentration called?

there is high dissolved oxygen

Why do high latitude waters support large planktonic communities?

Where are neritic marine environments commonly found?

along continental shelves

are below the intertidal zone

What describes the sublittoral zone

The euphotic zone is confined to the…

epipelagic zone

order

what is a group of related families called

genus

what is a family divided into

Which type of plankton are completely heterotrophic

Zooplankton

Ocean waters are mixed

What is a reason that ocean temperatures are more stable then land temperatures