UCBEX PHARM Module 8

False

Peptides synthesized in the hypothalamus are stored in the anterior pituitary gland. T or F

Somatropin

Which of the following is the name of recombinant growth hormone?

Provide competition at the receptor target with the use of an antagonist

Excess growth hormone as the result of a benign pituitary tumor results in enlarged facial structures clinically referred to as acromegaly. Which of the following pharmacological approaches could be used to treat this condition?

True

Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion. T or F

Result of excess glucocorticoids

Which of the following statements is true regarding Cushing's disease?

False

Glucocorticoids influenced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone from the anterior pituitary are stored in the adrenal gland. T or F

True

The precursor to both testosterone and glucocorticoids is cholesterol. T or F

Diabetes

Glucocorticoids are used clinically for all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

1. Asthma

2. Hormone replacement therapy for Addison's disease

3. Diabetes

4. Eczema

Produce effect upon binding to intracellular nuclear receptors

Of the following statements, which is NOT true of melanocortins?

1. Include the peptide hormones α-MSH, β-MSH, and γ-MSH

2.Derived from the same precursor as adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

3. Play a role in the stimulation of melanin in skin and hair cells

4. Produce effect upon binding to intracellular nuclear receptors

Hypothalamus

Which of the following main endocrine glands is considered to be the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

True

The main mineralcorticoid is aldosterone. T or F

Norethisterone

Which of the following is NOT one of the naturally occurring estrogens found in females?

1. Oestradiol

2. Norethisterone

3. Oestrone

4. Oestriol

Compensate for short stature associated with Turner's syndrome

Antiandrogens are therapeutically used for all of the following EXCEPT:

1. To treat masculination in women

2. To treat hypersexuality in male sex offenders

3. Compensate for short stature associated with Turner's syndrome

4. Adjunct treatment for prostate cancer

True

Thyroid hormones are classified as amine hormones. T or F

Carbimazole

Which of the following compounds inhibits the iodination of tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin?

True

Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator used for the prevention and treatment of postmenopause osteoporosis is both an antagonist and an agonist. T or F

Oxytocin

Uterine contraction is stimulated by

Hormones, unlike neurotransmitters, are chemical messengers that circulate in body fluids and produce specific effects on cells distant from their point of origin. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that release from an axon terminal of a neuron in response to an action potential.

What two characteristics distinguish hormones from neurotransmitters?

Breastfeeding is a natural contraceptive because it raises the prolactin levels in the body while at the same time it inhibits GnRH. Through the inhibition of GnRH, LH and FSH are suppressed and ovulation does not occur.

Why is breastfeeding considered to be a natural contraceptive?

Clomiphene primarily stimulates FSH and LH secretion by competing with estradiol for the receptor sits in the hypothalamus or the pituitary. This leads to the development and maturation of ovarian follicle, ovulation, and subsequent development and function of the corpus lute, thus resulting in pregnancy. Gonadotropin release may result from direct stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis or from a decreased inhibitory influence of estrogens on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by competing with endogenous estrogens of the uterus, pituitary, or hypothalamus.

my answer: Clomiphene is able to block the estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus; thus, the hypothalamus will create more GnRH because it believes that there is a low estrogen level. The release of GnRH will then stimulate the pituitary to release LH and FSH in response. In the presence of more LH and FSH, follicles will grow while ovulation is triggered.

Explain the mechanism whereby which Clomiphene induces ovulation?

False

Both the luetinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland. T or F

Prolactin, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone

All of the following hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland:

True

Dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA is an androgen precursor produced in the adrenal gland. T or F

An excess of ACTH is a contributing factor to the hyperpigmentation noted

Which of the following statements is true about Addison's disease?

False

The main site of cortisol production is the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. T or F

A mutation in the protein that transports thyroglobulin to the lumen

Pendred's syndrome is a result of

Concurrent administration of amoxicillin and deep vein thrombosis

Which of the following is a contraindication for taking combined estrogen and progesterone oral contraceptives that utilize a second generation progesterone?

Iodination of tyrosine is catalyses by throperoxidase which requires H2O2.

my answer: H2O2 is vital in thyroid hormone production because it acts as an oxidizing agent for thyroid peroxidase. Thyroid peroxidase utilizes H2O2 in order to oxidize iodide to iodine. Iodine binds to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin to form MIT and DIT. MIT and DIT combine together to produce T3 and T4. Without H2O2, thyroid peroxide is unable function; thus, thyroid hormone production is decreased.

Thyroid stimulating hormone enhances the generation of H2O2 in the thyroid gland, which in turn stimulates the production of T3 and T4. Discuss the significance of H2O2 in the process of thyroid hormone production.

Calcitrol increases plasma calcium by mobilizing it from bone, increasing its absorption in the intestine and decreasing its excretion by the kidney. PTH increases blood calcium by increasing calcitrol synthesis, mobilizing calcium from bone and reducing calcium excretion. Calcitonin reduces calcium resorption from bone by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

my answer: One method I would use to adjust the circulating levels of calcitonin would be to use negative feedback mechanisms such as introducing drugs that are able to copy the effects of having high levels of calcium in the body. Another approach I would take is to inhibit the calcitonin secretion by using drugs that can target the pathways that release calcitonin. In the case that inhibition does not work, using a calcitonin antagonist to block calcitonin receptors would be my next method.

Your patient has a tumor in the parathyroid gland that enhances the release of calcitonin. List three general pharmacological approaches you can take to adjust the circulating levels of calcitonin. Hint: A correct answer does not require specifically naming any pharmacological compounds.

Breastfeeding is considered to be a natural contraceptive because prolactin that is stimulated to be released during suckling inhibits the release and response to which of the following?

 

Estradiol

 

Oxytocin

 

Protirelin

 

Gonadotrophin

Gonadotrophin

Fludrocortisone can be antagonized by what compound?

 

Spironolactone

 

Ketoconazole

 

Metyrapone

 

Aldosterone

Spironolactone

Which of the following best describes octreotide?

 

Short-acting analogue of somatostatin

 

Short-acting analogue of somatotrophin

 

Long-acting analogue of somatotrophin

 

Long-acting analogue of somatostatin

Long-acting analogue of somatostatin

Metyrapone inhibits the enzyme 11-β-hydroxylase and thus inhibits the synthesis of

 

Progesterone

 

Hydrocortisone

 

Corticosterone

 

Corticosterone and hydrocortisone

 

Corticosterone and hydrocortisone

Insulin-like growth factor-1 also denoted as somatomedin provides a type of negative feedback inhibition of which of the following?

 

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

 

Corticotrophin

 

Growth hormone

 

Prolactin

Growth hormone

Which of the following primarily stimulates progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum?

 

Luteinizing hormone

 

Prolactin

 

Estrogen

 

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

In the combination estrogen-progestogen contraceptive pill, the estrogen component acts primarily by inhibiting

 

Secretion of LH

 

Mucus secretion

 

Secretion of FSH

 

Ovulation

Secretion of FSH

Postpartum hemorrhage can be treated by which of the following?

 

Ergometrine

 

Estrogen

 

Ritodrine

 

Progestogen

Ergometrine

5α–reductase inhibitors used for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy include which of the following?

 

Finasteride

 

Raloxifene

 

Anastrazole

 

Flutamide

Finasteride

Prolonged or chronic administration of a glucocorticoid such as prednisone has many adverse effects including increased abdominal fat and thinned skin.

 

True

 

False

True

Atosiban is used to delay premature labor based on its ability to block β₂ adrenergic receptors.

 

True

 

False

False

The administration of sildenafil leads to the activation of guanylate cyclase.

 

True

 

False

False

Steroid hormones include all of the following except?

 

Prolactin

 

Aldosterone

 

Glucocorticoids

 

Androgens

Prolactin

Of the following molecules, which prevents uterine contraction?

 

Misoprostol

 

Oxytocin

 

Atosiban

 

Ergot

Atosiban

What is the primary advantage to using desmopressin as compared to felypressin to treat diabetes?

 

Desmopressin is synthetic and thus less likely to form antibodies

 

Desmopressin has increased duration of action

 

Desmopressin has a greater affinity for the vasopressin receptor

 

Desmopressin has a reduced incidence of cardiovascular side effects

Desmopressin has a reduced incidence of cardiovascular side effects

Benign prostate hyperplasia can be characterized by frequent urinary urgency, diminished urinary stream, urinary retention, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels within normal limits for age.  Which of the following best describes how an α₁ adrenergic receptor antagonist improves urinary flow, and finasteride promotes a reduction in the size of the prostate?

 

An α adrenergic receptor antagonist reduces the formation of urethral nitric oxide and finasteride decreases gonadal androgen production

 

An α adrenergic receptor antagonist relaxes bladder smooth muscle and finasteride acts as a competitive androgen receptor antagonist

 

An α adrenergic receptor antagonist promotes relaxation of the urethra and finasteride antagonizes 5α–reductase reducing the formation of DHT

 

An α adrenergic receptor antagonist decreases the resistance of the bladder sphincter and finasteride decreases the formation of gonadotrophins

An α adrenergic receptor antagonist promotes relaxation of the urethra and finasteride antagonizes 5α–reductase reducing the formation of DHT