microeconomic decision makers

money

money

any commodity that could be used as a medium of exchange that is widely accepted for the purchase of goods and services

functions of money

medium of exchange, measure of value, store of value, standard of deffered payment

characteristics of money

durability, scarcity, uniformity, acceptibility, portability, divisibility, stability

whats banking?

helps people borrow, lend & carry out a range of other financial activities

commercial banks

business organisations which usually seek to make a profit

whats an overdraft?

enables a customers to spend more than what is in his/her account, up to an agreed limit. interest is changed on the amount borrowed

what needs to happen during bartering?

double coincidence of wants where both parties, the sellers & buyers have to agree to sell & buy each others commodities

what is bartering?

exchange of goods & services between two/more parties without the use of money

whats the problem with bartering?

lack of double coincidence of wants, lack of common unit of value, difficulty of future/deferred payments/difficulty of storage of value

borrowing from the bank

overdraft, loan, act as financial intermediaries, aid customers in making and reciving payments, buying & selling shares, providing insurance, exchange foreign currencies, provide financial planning advice

central bank

monetary authority that oversees and manages the nations money supply & banking system

funtions of central bank

governements bank, issuing currencies & coins, external functions, bankers bank, national debt management, lender of last resort

income

the amount of goods and services purchased depends largely on their level of income

ways people can earn income

interest on savings, rent, dividents, profit

disposible income

income earned by an individual after income tax & other charges have been deducted

what tends to happen when theres a rise in level of disposible income

theres a rise in spending and saving

what tends to happen when tax rates rise?

the level of disposible income decreases and therefore consumption decreases

current expenditure

money spent on goods & services consumed within the current year

capital expenditure

money spent on fixed items owned by individual/firm

factors that affect consumer spending

real income, unemployment, consumer confidence, interest rates, availability of credit, welfare benefits, tax rates, demographics, inflation & cost of living, house prices

house prices

Housing is the biggest form of wealth. When house prices are rising people are more confident to spend and they can also remortgage their houses. Rising house prices cause a wealth effect – with higher prices encouraging spending.

saving factors

interest rates, confidence, economic growth, availability of credit, wealth, consumer preferences, demographics

average propensity to save (APS)

it is the proportion of household disposible income that is saved. calculated by dividing savings by disposable income

borrowing

occurs when an individual, firm/the government takes out a loan, paying it back to the financial lender over a period of time with interest payments

mortgage

a loan specifically taken out to help buy a house

factors affecting borrowing

interest rates, availability of loans & overdrafts, consumer confidence, social attitudes

interest rates

paying back the amount borrowed from the bank plus interest this means high interest rate will increase the cost of borrowing and therefore reduce borrowing rates

social attitudes

some countries & some groups within countries are more concerned about the risks of getting into debt than others

wage factors

financial rewards that workers recive in return for their labour services. these are a major influence on their choice of occupation

earnings

the total pay a person recieves

wage rate

a payment which an employer contracts to pay a worker

wage

a payment for labour based on the amount of time worked

salary

an annual payment to a worker in exchange for their labour. even if you stay in work for longer than you need the money you earn stays the same

piece rate

a fixed amount paid per item produced/sold

commission

a percentage of the value of products/services sold

bonus

an additional lump sum of money paid during the year, usually dependent upon performance

profit related pay

additional payment on workers, based on the amount of profits made by the firm

share issue

workers recieve shares in the firm to give them incentive to work hard, so that the firm is profitable

what are the types of wage factors

wage, salary, piece rate commission, bonus, profit related pay, share issue

non wage factor

somethin other than pay that influences choice of occupation. while a person might be motivated to work in the short term by money, theyll want to also be motivated in the long term

fringe benefits

additional benefits provided to workers e.g. pensions, health insurance, company car

non wage factors

level of challenge, career prospects e.g. promotion, level of danger involved, length of training required, level of education required, recognition of the job, pension, working conditiond/hours, location, job security, personal satisfaction gained from the job, level of experience required

demand for labour

shows how many workers an employer is willing and able to hire at a given wage rate in a given time period. of the wage rate is high - its more costly to hire employess. when wages are low, labour becomes relatively cheaper than capital

a change in consumer demand which means that a business needs to take on more workers

the labour demand curve shifts

a change in the market price of the output of labour which makes labour more cost efficient than capital

the labour demand curve shifts

an increase in the productivity of labour which makes labour more cost efficient than capital

the labour demand curve shifts

a government employment subsidy which allows a business to employ more workers

the labour demand curve shifts

a change in the cost of capital equipment (a possible substitute for labour) e.g. robotic technologies becomes more expensive

the labour demand curve shifts

non wage factors influencing labour supply

job risk, strength of vacation, career opportunitites, working conditions, anti social hours, quality of in work training, occupational pensions, living & working overseas

factors affecting wage determination

when the wage rate workers are willing to work for the wage rate that firms (employers) are prepared to pay

welfare benefits

it’s paid to unemployed workers which could discourage people from seeking employment this affects the number of people employed

changing social attitutes

more women are entering the workforce and delaying having families while more men choose to stay at home. this means many have to relp on immigration for workforces

geographical mobility

cost of living may vary between the regions making it uneconomical for a person to relocate there

bargaining power

refers to how much power a given person has on negotiation (wages). the more power the employer has on negotiation, the lower the wages are likely to be. this is reasons for differences in earnings.

minimum wage

some governments have introduced minimum wages in an attempt to raise the living standards of employees

wage rate equilibrium

public v private sector

private sector workers tends to recieve a higher wage than public but public sector workers may have greater non wage benefits

discrimination

sometimes workers get paid less because of discrimination, this can be due to gender, age race etc

changes in the demand for labour

if the demand for labour increases earnings are likely to rise, the wage rate may be pushed up & bonuses may be increased, more overtime may be available and it may be paid at a higher rate

demand for labour can be increased because:

increase in demand for the product - higher the demand for a product, greater number of workers employed, a rise in labour productivity, a rise in the price of capital

changes in supply of labour

a decrease in the supply of labour for a particular occupation/sector would be expected to raise the wage rate

a decrease in the supply for labour can be cuased by:

a fall in labour force, a rise in the qualifications/length of training required, a reduction in the non wage benefits, a rise in the wage/non wage benefits in other jobs

changes in the stages of production:

primary sector are usually paid less, the demand for primary has declined, demand for workers in the tertiary sector has increased, best paid workers are in tertiary

changes in bargaining power:

a change in unions bargaining power/willingness to take industrial action can affect earnings

changes in gov policy

raise in min wage, improved education can raise wages of skilled workers, gov policies on immigration, advances in tech

changes in public opinion

how occupations & thpse who take them can be viewed differently overtime

the proportion of labour costs in total costs

the determinants of elasticity of demand for labour

the ease of which labour can be substituted by capital

the determinants of elasticity of demand for labour

the elasticity of demand for the product

the determinants of elasticity of demand for labour

qualifications and skills required

determinants of elasticity of supply of labour

time period

determinants of elasticity of supply of labour

degree of suitability the worker feels of the job

determinants of elasticity of supply of labour

level of employment

determinants of elasticity of supply of labour

length of training required

determinants of elasticity of supply of labour

mobility of labour

determinants of elasticity of supply of labour

how does rate of interest affect borrowing?

when interest rates increase, borrowing becomes less as this means people have to pay back the interest rate because cost of borrowing increases

how does rate of interest affect saving?

when interest rates increase, saving increases as this means the bank will pay money to you for letting them use the money you saved on things the bank needs