NBL 355 Module 6

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 67

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Neuroscience

68 Terms

1

When the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive) then it is said to be _______.

Depolarized

Hyperpolarized

Prepolarized

Unpolarized

Repolarized

depolarized

New cards
2

The _____ gradient, also called the ______ force of an ion depends on the membrane potential and the concentration gradient and valence of that ion.

Chemiosmotic, ionic

Equilibrium, Nernst

Voltage, electromotive

Electrochemical, driving

Membrane, potential

electrochemical, driving

New cards
3

The electrochemical gradient/driving force of an ion equals the _______.

Membrane potential (Vm) times the Nernst potential (Ex)

Combined Nernst potentials (Ex) of all the ions

Membrane potential divided by the Nernst potential (Ex)

Membrane potential (Vm) minus the Nernst potential (Ex)

Membrane potential (Vm) plus the Nernst potential (Ex)

membrane potential (Vm) minus the Nernst potential (Ex)

New cards
4

The driving force on an ion _______ electrical signaling in a neuron.

Stays constant during

Always decreases during

Can increase or decrease depending on the ion and

Always increases during

Cannot be determined during

can increase or decrease depending on the ion and

New cards
5

In a healthy neuron, because the _____ of an ion stays constant, the driving force only changes as the _____ changes.

Charge, concentration gradient

Nernst potential, membrane potential

Electrochemical gradient, ion concentration

All of these answers

Conductance, valence

Nernst potential, membrane potential

New cards
6

Calculate the driving force for Na+ and K+ at the following membrane potentials.

The Ex for Na+ = +60 mV and the Ex for K+ = -84 mV

The resting membrane potential = -67 mV

Remember, driving force equals membrane potential (Vm) minus the Nernst potential (Ex)

==========================================

a) DF for Na+ at membrane potential = 0 mV

b) DF for K+ at resting membrane potential

c) DF for K+ at membrane potential = +60 mV

d) DF for Na+ at membrane potential = -84 mV

e) DF for Na+ at membrane potential = +60 mV

f) DF for Na+ at resting membrane potential

g) DF for K+ at membrane potential = +40 mV

h) DF for K+ at membrane potential = -84 mV

i) DF for Na+ at membrane potential = +40 mV

j) DF for K+ at membrane potential = 0 mV

a) -60 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (0 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = 0 - (+60) = 0 - 60 = -60 mV

b) +17 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-67 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = -67 - (-84) = -67 + 84 = +17 mV

c) +144 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+60 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = +60 - (-84) = +60 + 84 = +144 mV

d) -144 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-84 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = -84 - (+60) = - 84 - 60 = -144 mV

e) 0 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+60 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = +60 - (+60) = +60 - 60 = 0 mV

f) -127 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-67 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = -67 - (+60) = -67 - 60 = -127 mV

g) +124 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+40 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = +40 - (-84) = +40 + 84 = +124 mV

h) 0 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-84 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = -84 - (-84) = -84 + 84 = 0 mV

i) -20 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+40 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = +40 - (+60) = +40 - 60 = -20 mV

j) +84 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (0 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = 0 - (-84) = 0 + 84 = 84 mV

New cards
7

Ions will move across the membrane only if there is a(n) _______ for that ion.

Leak and gated ion channel

Electrochemical gradient/driving force and membrane potential

Concentration gradient and conductance

Chemical gradient and permeability

Electrochemical gradient/driving force and open ion channel

electrochemical gradient/driving force and open ion channel

New cards
8

In signaling, neurons typically rapidly change their membrane potential by ______.

All of these answers

Increasing or decreasing the number of leak channels

Changing their ionic gradients

Opening gated ion channels

Activating active transporters

Opening gated ion channels

New cards
9

____ is the movement of charge across a certain point over time.

Conductance

Current

Electric potential

All of these answers

Resistance

Current

New cards
10

When current flows across a biological membrane, the most significant and rapid effect it produces will be a change in the _______.

Nernst/equilibrium potential

Membrane potential

Concentration gradient

All of these answers

Ionic concentration in the cytoplasm

Membrane potential

New cards
11

Interneurons produce _____ potentials at synapses called EPSPs and IPSPs.

Graded/electrotonic

End plate

Action

Resting membrane

Receptor/generator

Graded/Electrotonic

New cards
12

Which of the following BEST DESCRIBES the equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) of the neuron?

The resistor/conductor is the plasma membrane and ion channels

The current is the movement of water

The wires are the metal ions

The battery is the ion gradient

All of these answers

The resistor/conductor is the plasma membrane and ion channels

New cards
13

Applying Ohm's law (V=iR or i=V/R) to the EEC of the neuron, _______.

All of these answers

R is the resistance and depends on the lipid bilayer and ion channels

V is the driving force

Current = driving force x conductance (g) where g=1/R

i is the current, which is the movement of ions

All of these answers

New cards
14

In neurons, currents can involve the movement of _____.

Anions, cations and electrons

Only cations

Cations and anions

Only electrons

Only anions

Cations and anions (really only ions)

New cards
15

The concentration gradients remain stable even when there is current flow across the membrane because_____.

The number of ions needed to change the membrane potential is only a tiny fraction of the ions in the bulk solution

All of these answers

The number of ions that flow across ion channels is a tiny percentage of the ions in the bulk solution

The active transporters are constantly working

All of these answers

New cards
16

The movement of ions across the membrane can be _____.

All of these answers

Positive (the movement of positive ions out of the cell or the movement of negative ions into the cell)

Out of the cell

Into the cell

Negative (the movement of positive ions into the cell or movement of negative ions out of the cell)

all of these answers

New cards
17

In the EEC of the neuron, the resistor (conductor) is said to be variable because _____.

All of these answers

The membrane is permeable to oxygen

The membrane also acts as a capacitor

Ion channels can be closed or open

The resistance is a variable in Ohm's law

ion channels can be closed or open

New cards
18

In the EEC of the neuron, according to Ohm's law, the current can be changed by changing the ______.

Driving force

Conductance

Membrane potential

All of these answers

Resistance

all of these answers

New cards
19

If a gated Na+ channel was opened at the RMP, the Na+ would _____ the neuron and produce _____ current.

Flow into, negative

Flow out of, positive

Flow into, positive

Be unable to flow into or out of the, no

Flow out of, negative

flow into, negative

RMP is negative, look at the chart

New cards
20

If the driving force for K+ is positive, and a gated K+ channel is opened, the current will be _____.

0

Positive or negative, depending on the ion

Positive and outward

Neutral and balanced

Negative and inward

positive and outward

New cards
21

An electrophysiologist changes the membrane potential, making it very negative (hyperpolarized) to -100 mV. If the Ex for K+ is -84 mV, the driving force for K+ would be -16 mV. If you opened a gated K+ channel at this membrane potential (-100 mV), K+ would flow ___ and produce a ____ current. In this situation, K+ would actually flow against its concentration gradient.

Out, positive

In, positive

Out, negative

In; negative

in; negative

New cards
22

Two important types of currents in the neuron are ______.

Ionic and electronic

Extracellular and intracellular

All of these answers

Transverse and inverse

Transmembrane and axial/internal

transmembrane and axial/internal

New cards
23

In a neuron, the movement of an ion is affected by _____.

The force of chemical diffusion

The electrical (Coulomb) force

All of these answers

Its chemical gradient

The electric field of the membrane potential

all of these answers

New cards
24

When electrical signaling ceases, the membrane potential decreases/decays back to the resting membrane potential with time and distance because ______,

All of these answers

Ions move in solution and along the membrane

The ionic gradients change rapidly in a neuron

The intracellular and extracellular solutions are balanced

The ionic gradients change slowly in a neuron

ions move in solution and along the membrane

New cards
25

For graded potentials, the rate of decay of the membrane potential depends on the _____ constants.

Time and length

Rate and kinetic

Nernst and equilibrium

All of these answers

Ohm and Coulomb

time and length

New cards
26

For long distance signaling, the ______ potential evolved to overcome the decay of passive, graded membrane potentials.

Receptor

Electrochemical

Resting membrane

Action

action

New cards
27

Which of the following is the important reaction for the Ag/AgCl electrode containing KCl to be useful in electrophysiology?

e- = electron

Ag+ + Cl- + e- <----> AgCl + e-

Ag+ + Cl- <----> AgCl

Ag+ + K+ + e- <----> Ag + K+

K+ + Cl- + e- <----> KCl + e-

Ag + Cl- <----> AgCl + e-

Ag + Cl- <----> AgCl + e-

New cards
28

For the Ag/AgCl electrode, in the forward reaction the ____ is oxidized while in the reverse reaction, the ___ is reduced.

Ag+, Ag

Ag, AgCl

Ag, Ag+

Ag, Cl-

Cl-, Ag+

Ag, Ag+

New cards
29

An electrode transforms ___________ (in a wire) into

________ (in solution), and vice versa.

electrons; ions

New cards
30

An intracellular Ag/AgCl two electrode system can be used to _______.

Clamp the membrane potential at a command voltage

Measure the membrane potential

Inject positive or negative current into the cell

Manipulate/change the membrane potential

All of these answers

all of these answers

New cards
31

In the two electrode voltage clamp mode, the membrane potential ______.

Varies as the current varies

Is always depolarized

Is similar to the current

Is unstable

Is held constant (at the command potential) by injecting positive or negative current

is held constant (at the command potential) by injecting positive or negative current

New cards
32

In the two electrode current clamp mode, the membrane potential ______.

Cannot be measured

Always depolarizes

Is free to vary with injected current

Is measured with the stimulating electrode

Is clamped at the command potential

is free to vary with injected current

New cards
33

Ag/AgCl electrodes are used in ______.

All of these answers

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) to measure brain waves

Electrocardiograms to measure heart electrical activity

Intact neurons to measure the membrane potential

all of these answers

New cards
34

The “electrochemical gradient” for an ion is also called the ________.

Electrochemical potential

Steady state gradient

Driving Force

Equilibrium Potential

Membrane Potential

Driving Force

New cards
35

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the “electrochemical gradient” for an ion? It _______________.

Depends on the charge of the ion and it is always the same sign (positive or negative) as the charge of the ion

Depends on the concentration gradient

Depends on the Nernst/equilibrium potential for the ion

Depends on the electrochemical potential of the ion

Depends on the membrane potential

Depends on the charge of the ion and it is always the same sign (positive or negative) as the charge of the ion

New cards
36

The Nernst potential for Na+ is +60 mV. At the following membrane potentials below, what would be the driving force for Na+ (right)?

-67 mV (RMP)

-30 mV

0 mV

+30 mV

+60 mV

-127 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-67 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = -67 - (+60) = -67 - 60 = -127 mV

-90 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-30 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = -30 - (+60) = -30 - 60 = -90 mV

-60 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (0 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = 0 - (+60) = 0 - 60 = -60 mV

+30 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+30 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = +30 - (+60) = +30 - 60 = -30 mV

0 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+60 mV) - Ex of Na+ (+60) = +60 - (+60) = +60 - 60 = 0 mV

New cards
37

The Nernst potential for K+ is -84 mV. At the following membrane potentials below, what would be the driving force for K+?

-84 mV

-67 mV (RMP)

-30 mV

0 mV

+30 mV

0 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-84 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = -84 - (-84) = -84 + 84 = 0 mV

+17 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-67 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = -67 - (-84) = - + 84 = +17 mV

+54 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-30 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = -30 - (-84) = -30 + 84 = +54 mV

+84 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (0 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = 0 - (-84) = 0 + 84 = +84 mV

+114 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+30 mV) - Ex of K+ (-84) = +30 - (-84) = +30 + 84 = +114 mV

New cards
38

The Nernst potential for Cl- is -60 mV. At the following membrane potentials below, what would be the driving force for Cl-?

-84 mV

-67 mV

-30 mV

0 mV

+30 mV

-24 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-84 mV) - Ex of Cl- (-60) = -84 - (-60) = -84 + 60 = -24 mV

-7 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-67 mV) - Ex of Cl- (-60) = -67 - (-60) = -67 + 60 = -7 mV

+30 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (-30 mV) - Ex of Cl- (-60) = -30 - (-60) = -30 + 60 = +30 mV

+60 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (0 mV) - Ex of Cl- (-60) = 0 - (-60) = 0 + 60 = +60 mV

+90 mV (Driving force = membrane potential (+30 mV) - Ex of Cl- (-60) = +30 - (-84) = +30 + 60 = +90 mV

New cards
39

Ions will always move across the membrane down/along their electrochemical gradient if there is a/an ________________ for that ion.

Leak and gated ion channel

Concentration gradient and Conductance

Primary active transporter

Electrochemical and membrane potential

Driving force and open ion channel

Driving force and open ion channel

New cards
40

Which of the following information do you need to know to determine whether an ion will move into or out of a neuron through an open channel?

The membrane potential

The concentration gradient of the ion

All of these answers

The charge/valence of the ion

The driving force of the ion

All of these answers

New cards
41

At -30 mV, opening a gated Na+ channel, Na+ would flow ________ the neuron and this would be called a _________ current.

Into; negative

Out of; negative

Into; positive

Slowly; 0

Out of; Positive

Into; negative

New cards
42

At -30 mV, opening a gated K+ channel, K+ would flow ______ the neuron and this would be called a ________ current.

Out of; negative

Out of; Positive

Into; positive

Slowly; 0

Into; negative

Out of; Positive

New cards
43

At -30 mV, opening a gated Cl- channel, Cl- would flow ______ the neuron and this would be called a ________ current.

Out of; negative

Into; negative

Slowly; 0

Into; positive

Out of; Positive

Into; positive

New cards
44

In a neuron, if the membrane potential becomes more positive than the Nernst potential for Na+ or more negative than the Nernst potential for K+, and if their ion channels are open, then __________.

The neuron will be at equilibrium

The membrane potential will not affect the driving force

Ions will flow against their chemical/concentration gradients

Ions will not be able to flow across the membrane

The membrane potential will be unstable

Ions will flow against their chemical/concentration gradients

New cards
45

Current is the ______________.

Sum of the voltage, resistance and capacitance

Inverse of conductance

Difference in electrochemical potential between 2 points in a circuit

Movement of charge across a certain point over time

All of these answers

Movement of charge across a certain point over time

New cards
46

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about transmembrane currents? Transmembrane currents ________________________

Involve the movement of cations or anions

Can be negative or positive

Are typically produced by activating the Na+/K+ ATPase

Directly affect the membrane potential

Can be inward or outward

Are typically produced by activating the Na+/K+ ATPase

New cards
47

When current flows across a biological membrane, the most significant and rapid effect it produces will be a change in the _______________.

Membrane potential

Concentration gradient

Nernst/equilibrium potential

Ionic concentration in the cytoplasm

All of these answers

Membrane potential

New cards
48

The bulk concentration gradients in a neuron remain stable, even when the membrane potential changes. Which of the following IS NOT a basis or feature of this?

When ion channels open, only a small fraction of total ions move across the membrane

Gated channels contribute to maintaining the concentration gradients

Movement of only a small fraction of the total ions across the membrane is required to change the membrane potential

The Nernst potentials remain constant

Active transporters work continuously

Gated channels contribute to maintaining the concentration gradients

New cards
49

How does a healthy neuron change its membrane potential?

By activating and increasing the Nernst potentials

By activating and opening gated ion channels

By activating the active transporters

All of these answers

By activating and modulating the driving forces

By activating and opening gated ion channels

New cards
50

Match each component in a typical RC circuit with its analogous component in the equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) of the neuron.

Voltage

Current

Resistor

Wires

Capacitor

Driving Force

Movement of cations and anions

Plasma membrane plus ion channels

Extracellular and intracellular solutions

Plasma membrane

New cards
51

Applying Ohm’s Law to the Equivalent Electrical Circuit of the neuron, current equals ________________

Open ion channels (conductance) divided by the driving force (V)

The plasma membrane resistance (R) divided by the driving force (V)

The driving force (V) divided by open ion channels (conductance)

The driving force (V) times open ion channels (conductance)

The driving force (V) times the plasma membrane resistance (R)

The driving force (V) times open ion channels (conductance)

New cards
52

In the EEC of the neuron, according to Ohm’s Law, the current can be changed (increased or decreased) by changing all of the following EXCEPT the ________.

Resistance

Driving Force

Membrane Potential

Capacitance

Conductance

Capacitance

New cards
53

In the EEC of the neuron, the resistor (or conductor) can change and is said to be variable. This is because ____________.

Active transporters work variably

The permeability of the lipid bilayer can change

All of these answers

The concentration gradients are variable during signaling

Ion channels can be closed or open

Ion channels can be closed or open

New cards
54

In a neuron, in addition to the transmembrane Na+ and K+ currents, there are also _____________ currents when ions flow within the cytoplasm.

Action

Coulomb

Axial/internal

Potential

Electrotonic

Axial/internal

New cards
55

The Ag/AgCl intracellular electrode interconverts ____________ in the solution to ____________ in the wires.

Cl- ions; Cl- ions

Electrons; Cl- ions

Cl- ions; electrons

All of these answers

Electrons; electrons

Cl- ions; electrons

New cards
56

Which of the following is the important reaction for the Ag/Agcl electrode containing [KCl] to be useful in electrophysiology?

e- = electron

Ag + Cl- <——> AgCl + e-

Ag+ + Cl- + e- <——>AgCl + e-

Ag+ + K+ + e- <——> Ag + K+

Ag+ + Cl- <——> AgCl

K+ + Cl- + e- <——> KCl + e-

Ag + Cl- <——> AgCl + e-

New cards
57

For the Ag/AgCl electrode, in the forward reaction, the _______ is oxidized while in the reverse reaction, the _________ is reduced.

Ag, Cl-

Ag, Ag+

Ag, AgCl

Ag+, Ag

Cl-, Ag+

Ag, Ag+

New cards
58

The two electrode Ag/AgCl intracellular electrode system can be used to do all of the following EXCEPT ________________.

Depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane potential by injecting current

Manipulate/change the membrane potential

Directly measure the membrane current across the membrane

Control and Clamp the membrane potential

Directly measure the membrane potential

Directly measure the membrane current across the membrane

New cards
59

In current clamp mode, a specific amount of __________ is/are injected into the cell and the _____________.

Ions; membrane potential remains closed/clamped

Current; membrane potential is free to vary

All of these answers

Electrons; Membrane potential hyperpolarizes

Potential; current is free to vary

Current; membrane potential is free to vary

New cards
60

In the two electrode voltage clamp mode, the membrane potential ______________.

Is similar to the current

Is held constant (at the command potential) by injecting positive or negative current

Varies as the current and voltage vary

Can become depolarized or hyperpolarized

Is unstable and can’t be measured

Is held constant (at the command potential) by injecting positive or negative current

New cards
61

Neurons can produce graded/electrotonic potentials called _____________.

EPSPs

IPSPs

Receptor potentials

All of these answers

End plate potentials

All of these answers

New cards
62

Inside a neuron, the movement of an ion is affected by all of the following EXCEPT ______________.

The force of chemical diffusion

The electric field of the membrane potential

The electric (Coulomb) force

Its chemical/concentration gradient

The force of Hydrogen-bonding (Hydration)

The force of Hydrogen-bonding (Hydration)

New cards
63

After synaptic signaling stops, the membrane potential rapidly decays/decreases back to the RMP. All of the following are responsible for the decay of the membrane potential EXCEPT the __________.

Coulomb forces between ions

Movement of ions in aqueous solution

Force of osmotic pressure

Force of chemical diffusion

Movement of ions along the membrane

Force of osmotic pressure

New cards
64

For graded potentials, when signaling stops, the rate of decay of the graded membrane potentials depends mainly on the ___________.

All of these answers

Time and length constants

Overall changes in the cytoplasm

Size of the graded potential

RMP

Time and length constants

New cards
65

For long distance signaling, neurons evolved ________ to overcome the passive decay of graded membrane potentials?

Graded potentials

Action Potentials

All of these answers

Larger ion gradients

Leak ion channels

Action Potentials

New cards
66

Ag/AgCl electrodes are used in _______

Electrocardiograms to measure heart electrical activity

Electroencephalograms to measure brain waves

All of these answers

Intact neurons to measure the membrane potential

All of these answers

New cards
67

In addition to being involved in electrical signaling in neurons, the membrane potential has also been implicated in ________ during development

All of these answers

Neuronal differentiation

Neurogenesis and gliogenesis

Neurulation

Gastrulation

Neuronal differentiation

New cards
68

In a neuron, if the membrane potential becomes less positive than the Nernst potential for Na+ or less negative than the Nernst potential for K+, and if their ion channels are open, then __________.

The neuron will be at equilibrium

The membrane potential will not affect the driving force

Ions will flow against their chemical/concentration gradients

Ions will flow with their chemical/concentration gradients

The membrane potential will be unstable

Ions will flow with their chemical/concentration gradients

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
794 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
28 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 103 people
856 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
761 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
693 days ago
4.5(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 39 people
953 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
776 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (33)
studied byStudied by 3 people
792 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (62)
studied byStudied by 5 people
765 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 10 people
56 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 5 people
171 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 115 people
507 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 12 people
468 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 2 people
661 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 38 people
8 days ago
5.0(1)
robot