Protein Structures

Amino acids are used as _ (one word)

monomers

Amino acids all have an - group, a - group, and a - -

amino, carboxyl, side chain

The - - is what differentiates amino acids.

side chain

Another name for a side chain is - -. 

r group

the carboxyl and amino group - - - -.

cancel each other out

The coming together of a carboxyl and amino group is called a - -

peptide bond

The creation of a peptide bond is considered a - -.

condensation reaction.

Just like DNA is written from 5 to 3, peptides are written - - -.

N to C

The N side is known as the - -.

amino terminus

The C side is known as the - -.

carboxyl terminus

To find amino acides, in a peptide, follow the - - - -.

NCC backbone

A tri peptide has - bonds.

two/2

The primary structure is formed by - - -

covalent peptide bonds

The primary structure is described as a linear sequence of amino acids from - - - -.

N to C terminus

The secondary structure is formed by - - - - -. 

hydrogen bond sbetween backbone atoms

The secondary structure refers to - - - - - -.

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

The tertiary structure is formed by interactions between - - - -

amino acid side chains

The tertiary structure refers to the - - - - -

3D structure of peptide chain

The quarternary structure is formed by interactions between amino acid side chains - - - -

on different peptide chains

What do the four levels of structure rely upon? (IMPORTANT)

primary structure

How does transcription/translation start?

initation

How do the monomers come together in transcription/translation?

elongation

How does translation/transcription end?

termination

DNA is -,-, and -

replicated, transcribed, translated

There are _ types of RNA.

3

semi conservative means that for each of the product dna, - of the original dna is conserved.

half

‘dispersive’ in the potential models means - - -. 

mixed up mess

the types of RNA are -, -, and -

messenge, ribosomal, transfer

messenger RNA refers to the - -

coded message

ribosomal RNA refers to the -/-

machinery/factory

transfer RNA refers to the -/-

decoder/adapter

The other RNA is - -

micro RNA

A gene encodes - -.

messenger rna

there are also genes for - and - rna.

ribosomal, transfer

There are genes for - - - -.

all types of rna

The RNA polymerase - - - - -.

adds RNA to 3 end.

While the growth goes from 5 to 3in transcription, the RNA polymerase moves - - -.

3 to 5

The energy for base addition comes from the base, just - - -.

like DNA synthesis.

the added base is - - - - -.

complementary to the template strand

the - is incorporated, while the - is broken and turned into energy.

monophosphate, diphosphate

the non template strand is also known as the - -.

coding strand

codons are - - - - - -.

3 base sequences in the mrna

codons only - - - - -

play a role in translation

universal means that the same code is - - - -.

used by all organisms

redundant means that there are - - - - per amino acid.

more than 1 codon

Unambigous means that each codon - - - - - -

only codes for 1 amino acid

The start codon - codes for -

AUG, methianine

The stop codon is - - -.

Uga, uag, uaa

the TRna is an - -

adapter molecule

The TRna is - to the mRNA

antiparallel

The primary sequence reads

5 to 3

there is a - - between the bases in the anticodon stems. 

hydrogen bonding

the tRNA does not have a - -

quarternary structure

T psi C in Trna stands for -

psiuridine

Ribosome= - -

protein polymerase

What are the 2 subunits of ribosomes?

rrna and proteins

ribosomes can bind 1 - and - -.

mRNA, 3 trna

What sites are related to ribosomes?

ape

For bacteria, all the genetic material is found in their -

cytoplasm

for a eukaryote, transcription happens in the - and translation happens in the -.

nucleus, cytoplasm

Bacteria have - RNA polymerase.

1

Eukaryotes have - RNA polymerases.

3

RNA polymerase I - - -.

Transcribes ribosomal RNA

RNA Polymerase II - - - - - -.

transcribes mRNA for protein coding genes.

RNA polymerase III transcribes -.

tRNA

The promoter in Bacteria transcription is a specific sequence that signals where - - -.

transcription should start

In bacteria initiation, a sigma protein binds to the -. 

promoter

In bacteria initiation, the sigma connects the RNA polymerase to the -. 

promoter

Bacteria have several - - -.

different sigma proteins

Transcription (elongation) is identical for both - and - .

bacteria, eukaryotes

in transcription, a - - is formed.

phosphodiester linkage

In transcription, phosphodiester linkages is formed by - - after base pairing. 

RNA polymerase

Incoming NTP is also known as - - -.

monomer building blocks

For termination of transcription in bacteria, the sequence in RNA will form a -, causing the RNA polymerase to fall off. 

hairpin

For termination of transcription in eukaryotes, the sequce of polymerase in mRNA is a - - for an enzyme to cut the mRNA.

recognition site

The extra step in Transcripton for eukaryotes is known as - -. 

RNA processing 

The 5’ CAP in RNA processing helps - - - - for translation

RNA bind to ribosome

The 3’ polyA tail protects RNA from -.

degradation

Pre mRNA in RNA procesing has - -.

excess value

Intron= -

intervening

Exons are -. 

expressed

Introns must be - - with -.

spliced out, splicesomes

Eukaryotes have - -. 

alternative splicing

In alternative splicing, it is possible to have different - - - -.

arrangements of the exons

There is a start and stop to -.

translation

For bacteria, the location in the cytoplasm allows translation to start before - - -. 

transcription is complete

For a eucaryote, the pre mRNA is processed into mRNA and then - - - -

exported to the cytoplasm

tRNA sythetases are enzymes that add correct - - onto specific -. 

amino acids, tRNA

A ribosome is a huge protein RNA complex that links amino acides into peptide bonds, translation an - -  - - -. 

RNA message into a peptide

tRNAs are molecules that have an - on one end that will base pair to a codon, and an - - on the other end

anticodon, amino acid

For bacteria, initiation factors bind to the - - -

Ribosome binding site

For Eukaryotes, initiation factors bind to the - - - and - Cap.

ribosome binding site, 5