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Motivation
Refers to wants and needs that activate, direct, and sustain behavior, usually toward some goal.
Instinct Theory
Proposed by William James, this theory asserts that behavior is driven by instincts that aid survival.
Drive Reduction Theory
States that drives are states of arousal or discomfort that create tension, motivating behavior to reduce that tension.
Optimal Level of Arousal
Theory suggesting individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that maintain their ideal level of physiological arousal.
Incentive Theory
The idea that humans are motivated to perform actions to achieve external goals, such as earning money or grades.
Intrinsic Motivation
Arises from internal factors, where behaviors are performed for personal satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation
Arises from external factors, where behaviors are performed to receive rewards from others.
Overjustification Effect
Tendency to become less intrinsically motivated to engage in an activity when offered an external incentive.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, where basic needs must be met before higher needs.
Self-Efficacy
Belief in one's ability to complete tasks and achieve goals, reflecting confidence in self-control.
Hunger Drive
Motivates individuals to eat in order to restore homeostasis, a state of biological equilibrium.
Biological Factors in Hunger
Factors such as glucose levels, hormones, and signals from the brain that regulate hunger and satiety.
Lateral Hypothalamus
Acts as an 'ON switch' for hunger; stimulation leads to feelings of hunger.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Acts as an 'OFF switch' for hunger; stimulation leads to feelings of fullness.
Sex
Biological features related to reproduction, including chromosomes and sex characteristics.
Gender
The social construction of femininity and masculinity, encompassing norms, behaviors, and roles.
Kinsey Scale
A continuum used to categorize sexual orientation, from exclusive heterosexuality to exclusive homosexuality.
Transgender
Individuals whose gender identity does not align with the sex assigned at birth.
Cisgender
Individuals whose gender identity aligns with the sex assigned at birth.
Gender Dysphoria
A DSM-5 diagnosis for distress due to a mismatch between gender identity and biological sex.
Set Point Theory
The concept that each individual has a genetically determined ideal body weight that is regulated by the body.
Palatability
The quality of food that makes it pleasant to taste, influencing the amount consumed.
Sensation-Seeking
A personality trait indicating the need for varied, novel, and complex experiences.
Drive
A state of arousal or discomfort that motivates behavior to satisfy a need.
Homeostasis
A state of physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain.
Social Drives
Drives related to the need for companionship, love, and social interaction.
Physiological Needs
Basic biological requirements for human survival, such as hunger and thirst.
Sexual Response Cycle
The four phases of sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Biorhythms
Internal cycles that regulate physiological processes, influencing eating and activity patterns.
Environmental Factors in Eating
External influences such as social settings, food variety, and the presence of others that affect eating behaviors.
Operant Conditioning
A learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.
Classical Conditioning in Eating
A learning process in which an environmental stimulus becomes associated with food preferences or aversions.
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