AP History Ch. 18

an era marked by personal greed and a corrupt partnership between business and politics

The Gilded Age can be described as

found ways to affect the political progress through the antilynching, suffrage, and temperance movements

Denied the right to vote during in the late nineteenth century, American women

elevating property rights over all other rights

The Supreme Court used a novel interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment to help big business near the end of the nineteenth century. The court did this by

when he was shot by Charles Guiteau, a mentally disturbed man who had failed to secure a government position

President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform

at times formed "a community of interest," comprised of a few handpicked directors

To achieve his stunning reorganization and consolidation of businesses in the late nineteenth century, J.P. Morgan

led to passage of the first federal law regulating the railroad industry

The Supreme Court's decision in Wabash v. Illinois (1886), which reversed its ruling in Munn v. Illinois (1877),

had counted on Irish voters to desert the Democratic Party

The Irish American politician James G. Blaine, the Republican Party's presidential candidate

was so weak in its early years that it served as little more than a historical precedent

The Interstate Commerce Commission, the nation's first federal regulatory agency,

the growth of industrialism in the United States

A key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age was

a competitive business system in which several large companies control production in an industry

An oligopoly is

steel produced through the Bessemer process

The relatively new building material that both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it was

the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business

The economic theory of laissez-faire gained political clout in the late nineteenth century in part because

steel interests formerly controlled by Andrew Carnegie

J.P. Morgan acquired the core of what would be the largest corporation in the world when he purchased

the decision by Congress in 1873 to stop buying and minting silver

When advocated of bimetallism referred to the "crime of '73," they were talking about

business became even more influential in politics than before

One of the most important consequences of the civil service reform of the 1880s was that

despised competition and tried to substitute consolidation and central control whenever they could

Prominent business leaders of the late nineteenth century, such as J.P. Morgan,

progress is the result of competition, and that social reforms and other modes of human interference impede progress

The theory of social Darwinism held that

railroading

In the second half of the nineteenth century, American life came to be dominated by the country's first big business

was utilized mostly in urban areas of the United States

At the beginning of the twentieth century, electricity

economics and shifting social structure of the South

According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in

forcing employees to work long hours under extremely dangerous conditions for low pay

Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie insisted on by

is a legal entity that combines competing companies under a central administration

A holding company

millionaires are trustees and agents for the poor

Andrew Carnegie's message in his gospel of wealth was that

Benjamin Harrison

Because he was a cold and distant man, critics gave the nickname "the human iceberg" to

were overshadowed by business development and party politics at state and local levels

The presidents who served in the last part of the nineteenth century-Rutherford B. Hayes through William McKinley-

had employed both horizontal and vertical integration to control more than 90 percent of the oil business

By the 1890s, Standard Oil

a ruthless, unscrupulous malefactor who had used practically every dirty trick in the corporate book to gain control of the oil industry

Ida M. Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company in McClure's Magazine depicted John D. Rockefeller as

fathered a child out of wedlock

Having stated that "the paramount issue this year is moral rather than political," supporters of Grover Cleveland in 1884 were Chagrined to learn that Cleveland had

it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services

By the 1880s, the tariff posed a threat to America's prosperity because

dynamic party bosses

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, national politics in the United States was dominated by

places all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer

Vertical integration

he faced stiff competition from a large number of small refineries

Soon after Edwin Drake discovered oil in Pennsylvania in 1859,

testified to the nation's growing willingness to use federal measures to intervene in big business on behalf of the public interest

Both the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act

used a complicated organizational structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross-country communication

Alexander Graham Bell

for lubrication and lighting in the form of kerosene

Before the advent of the automobile, crude oil was used mainly

he was a symbol of all that most troubled the public about the rise of big business in America

When he died in 1892, Jay Gould was described as both "the world's richest man" and "the most hated man in America," an indication that

finance capitalism

The opening of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to

fact that voting was an important way to get a government job

Voter turnout in national elections during the last three decades of the nineteenth century averaged 80 percent, a phenomenon that can be attributed in part to the

made it impossible to remove people in civil service jobs for political reasons

The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and

the states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years

After Reconstruction, solid South referred to

making a deal with a private group of bankers, headed by J.P. Morgan, to purchase gold abroad and supply it to the government

During the economic depression in the winter of 1894-95, President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves by

kept investors happy but caused overcapitalization and debt for the railroads

Railroad companies controlled by J.P. Morgan sometimes issued watered stock, a practice that

some desire among Southerners to shift from agriculture to industry as the basis of their economy

After Reconstruction, the call for a New South signaled

an increase in lynchings across the South

In the late nineteenth century, the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the South contributed significantly to

the relative unimportance at the end of the nineteenth century of the inventor versus the banker and industrialist

The industries that grew up around the revolutionary inventions of Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison demonstrated

on lawmakers' own constituents

Democrats dubbed the Republican-dominated Fifty-first Congress the "Billion Dollar Congress" because it spent the nation's surplus

monetary aid and land grants from federal and state governments

Railroad construction in nineteenth-century America was boosted significantly by

industrialists and westerners who traded in wool, hides, and lumber

The tariff's most enthusiastic supporters in the nineteenth century were

control the key elements of production and so corner the market for oil

John D. Rockefeller organized Standard Oil as a trust. That decision was made to

few had the education to pass a written examination

Most people looking for government jobs in the 1880s were worried about having to pass an examination to qualify for a job because