ANPH-M1-CU3. The Tissues and Integumentary System

Tissues

Groups of similar cells that perform a common function

Integumentary System

The organ system that includes the skin and its appendages, functioning to protect the body from various kinds of damage

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers body surfaces, forms glands, and lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts

Connective Tissue

The most widespread and varied tissue in the body, serving to connect and support organs

Muscle Tissue

Tissue consisting of contractile cells or fibers that effect movement of an organ or body part

Nervous Tissue

Tissue with a high degree of excitability and conductivity that makes up the nervous system

Adipose Tissue

Type of loose connective tissue dominated by fat cells

Areolar Tissue

Type of loose connective tissue that lies beneath almost all epithelia

Chondrocytes

Cartilage-forming cells

Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of cells having a tall, columnar shape

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of cells having a cube-like shape

Endocrine Gland

A gland that secretes its product, called a hormone, directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine Gland

A gland that secretes its product into a duct, which then empties onto a body surface or inside a body cavity

Fibroblasts

Cells that secrete collagen, which forms scar tissue inside a wound

Fibrosis

The repair and replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue, mainly collagen

Glandular Epithelium

Type of epithelium consisting of glands that secrete a particular substance

Goblet Cell

Modified columnar cell containing secretory vesicles that produce large quantities of mucus

Granulation Tissue

Newly formed tissue inside a wound

Mucous Membrane

Epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces that open directly to the body's exterior

Osseous Tissue

Bone tissue

Osteocytes

Bone-forming cells

Reticular Tissue

Tissue consisting of a loose network of reticular fibers and cells; forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Serous Membrane

Membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; lines some of the closed body cavities and also covers many of the organs in those cavities

Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of thin, flat cells

Stem Cell

Specialized cell that can differentiate into many different types of cells

Histology

The science that deals with the study of tissues

Pathologist

A physician who examines tissues for changes that may indicate damage or disease

Ectoderm

The outer layer of cells in the three layers of cells that organize in the body

Mesoderm

The middle layer of cells in the three layers of cells that organize in the body

Endoderm

The inner layer of cells in the three layers of cells that organize in the body

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces, forms glands, and lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts

Connective Tissue

Protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity

Muscular Tissue

Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move

Nervous Tissue

Detects changes inside and outside the body and generates transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial tissue with single-layered flat cells that allow diffusion and filtration

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Consists of a single layer of cube-like cells that aid in secretion and absorption. Found in kidney tubules, glands, and the choroid plexus of the brain.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Made up of large, single layers of thin cells that conduct complex processes such as mucus secretion. Found in the lining of the intestine.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Appears to have many layers, but is actually a single layer of cells that vary in height. Found in the larger ducts of glands, the epididymis, and male urethra.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Forms a thick layer of epithelium made from several layers of cells. Provides protection against abrasion and prevents microorganisms and toxic chemicals from entering the body.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Forms from layers of cube-like cells and assists in secretion, absorption, and protection. Found in the ducts of sweat glands, esophageal glands, and parts of the male urethra.

Transitional Epithelium

Can be greatly stretched and consists of five or more layers of cuboidal or columnar cells. Found in cavities that can expand greatly, such as the urinary bladder.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, but only the surface cells are columnar. Found in the mammary gland ducts, larynx, and a portion of the male urethra.

Cell Junctions

Points of contact between plasma membranes that join cells together. Includes tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

Endocrine Gland

Ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. Examples include the thyroid gland and pituitary gland.

Exocrine Gland

Gland that secretes substances through tubes or ducts. Examples include sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that contains various cells, fibers, and other substances, and protects and supports the body and its organs.

Fibroblasts

Large flat cells that move and secrete fibers and ground substance in connective tissue.

Macrophages

Cells that develop from white blood cells and eat bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis.

Plasma cells

Small cells that develop from white blood cells and secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances.

Mast cells

Cells that are abundant along blood vessels and produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria.

Adipocytes

Cells found below the skin and around organs like the heart and kidneys.

Neutrophils

White blood cells that migrate to sites of infection.

Eosinophils

White blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses.

Collagen

Strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in the body.

Elastic fibers

Stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin, found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissues.

Ground substances

The stuff between cells and fibers in connective tissue, made of water and organic molecules, and supports cells and fibers, binds them together, and provides a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells.

Enclosing and separating other tissues

Function of connective tissue that helps separate organs and structures from each other.

Cushioning and insulating

Function of connective tissue that provides protection and insulation for tissues.

Connecting tissues to one another

Function of connective tissue that binds and supports other tissues.

Supporting and moving parts of the body

Function of connective tissue that provides support and rigidity for movement.

Storing compounds

Function of connective tissue that stores energy and minerals.

Transporting

Function of connective tissue that transports materials throughout the body.

Protecting

Function of connective tissue that protects the body from microorganisms and injury.

Loose Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with fewer fibers and more ground substance, including areolar, adipose, and reticular tissue.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue that contains fibroblasts, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells, and provides strength, elasticity, and support.

Adipose Tissue

Loose connective tissue that consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, and provides energy reserve, support, and protection.

Reticular Tissue

Connective tissue made from reticular cells and reticular fibers, and forms the framework of lymphatic tissue in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and liver.

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue with collagen fibers arranged in a regular pattern, providing strength and support.

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers among collagen fibers, allowing stretching of organs.

Cartilage

Supporting connective tissue with a semisolid matrix, made up of chondrocytes, or cartilage cells.

Hyaline Cartilage

Type of cartilage that provides support for surrounding structures and is relatively rigid but easily compressed.

Fibrocartilage

Type of cartilage that provides support and is found in areas with high pressure and stress, such as intervertebral discs.

Elastic Cartilage

Type of cartilage that provides support and is highly flexible, found in the external ear and epiglottis.

Bone

Supporting connective tissue with a solid matrix, providing rigidity and support.

Spongy Bone

Type of bone with a porous, lattice-like structure, found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of flat bones.

Compact Bone

Type of bone with a dense, solid structure, forming the outer layer of bones.

Hyaline Cartilage

Cartilage found in the ends of long bones, ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes, made up of chondrocytes and collagen fibers.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage found in the pelvis, disks between the vertebrae, and some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joints, consisting of differentiated fibroblasts and collagen fibers.

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage found in the external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube, containing chondrocytes and elastic fibers.

Bone

Supporting connective tissue with a solid matrix, classified as spongy or compact.

Blood

Fluid connective tissue responsible for transporting substances throughout the body.

Skeletal Muscle

Type of muscular tissue attached to the skeleton, composed of multi-nucleated cells with striations.

Cardiac Muscle

Type of muscular tissue found in the heart, composed of cylindrical cells connected by intercalated discs.

Smooth Muscle

Type of muscular tissue found in blood vessels, stomach, intestines, uterus, and bladder, composed of small cells capable of stretching.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue responsible for transmitting impulses and coordinating activities, composed of neurons and neuroglia.

Integumentary System

System consisting of the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors, with functions including protection, sensation, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and excretion.

Epidermis

The superficial, thinner portion of the skin made from keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that prevents water loss and resists abrasion.

Dermis

The deeper, thicker, and dense connective tissue portion of the skin responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.

Keratinization

The process where cells in the epidermis undergo changes in shape and chemical composition to replace worn out cells.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells undergoing cell division to produce keratinocytes.

Stratum Spinosum

A layer of the epidermis consisting of 8 to 10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes that provide strength and flexibility to the skin.

Stratum Granulosum

A layer of the epidermis consisting of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis.

Stratum Lucidum

A layer of the epidermis consisting of 4-6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes found only in areas of the body with thick skin.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead cells filled with keratin that help protect deeper layers from injury and microbial invasion.

Collagen

The main structural protein in the dermis responsible for its durability and strength.

Elastic fibers

Fibers in the dermis that provide elasticity to the skin.

Dermal papillae

The uppermost portion of the dermis containing blood vessels that provide nutrients, thermoregulation, and elimination of wastes.

Melanin

Pigment responsible for skin color, produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis.

Carotene

Pigment that produces a yellowish hue in the skin, obtained from carotene-rich foods.

Albinism

Inherited trait causing individuals to not produce melanin, resulting in very light or white skin, hair, and eyes.