health Final: placebo and nocebo

placebo and nocebo 2/3

placebo

when a treatment or procedure produces an effect in patients because of therapeutic intent rather than specific nature

nocebo

the experience of neg symptoms in response to inert medication or procedures + events

placebo physical symptom relief examples

allergies, depression, migraines, insomnia, warts

placebo physiological symptom relief 

heart rate, lung function, post op swelling, 

expectancy theory

patients expectancy shapes outcomes

classical conditioning

prior experiences of relief paired with treatment rituals produce relief

neurobiological pathways

placebo analgesia linked to endogenous opioids

social-cognitive theories

clinician warmth, empathy, and credibility paired with relief

misattribution

major mechanism of nocebo, crediting wrong source for a symptom

increased anxiety

mechanism of nocebo

social modeling

when an individual experiences a neg. symptom after watching another do the same

two step nocebo process

1. system attention

2. symptom attribution

system attention

heightened anxiety and bodily focus

symptom attribution

misattribution- shaped by age gender and expectations