The Reformation

why was it unlikely Henry considered annulment before Anne

Had made his illegitimate son Duke of Richmond, filling role of heir apparent

why was the pope unable to grant the annulment

he was under the control of HRE Charles V, nephew of Catherine

what were wolsey’s three approaches

Scriptural arguments, diplomatic manoeuvres and legal efforts

what scriptual evidence was there that the marriage was invalid

Leviticus

why was the Leviticus argument unsuccessful

Catherine still maintained she’d been a virgin upon marrying Henry, The meaning was disputed

what does the book of Deuteronomy say

after his death, it was a mans duty to marry his brothers wife and have children on his brothers behalf

what was the key diplomatic manoeuvre

Wolsey attempted to remove Charles from Italy (and the pope’s mind) in an alliance with France

what legal route did Wolsey attempt

holding the hearing in England, where he as papal legate could make judgement

what delayed the hearing

Campeggio was unwell, taking months to arrive then wanting to do everything thoroughly

what happened when court met

(June 1529) Catherine immediately appealed the pope move the hearing to Rome- the Pope agreed

significance of the obedience of the Christian man

written by Tyndale, it claimed kings had authority from God. Royal authority was supreme above any power within or beyond the klingdo’s boundaries

Supplication against the ordinaries

March 1532, a petition calling on the king to deal with the corruption and abuses of the clergy

submission of the clergy

may 1532, a document that would allow Henry to veto church laws and choose bishops even if they weren’t approved by Rome

revival of medieval law praemunire

1530

Act of parliament passed

prevented payments of annates to Rome

Act in restraint of appeals

denyed subjects the right to appeal to the pope against decisions made by english courts

Act of supremacy

1534, acknowledged the king as head of the church

Treason act

1534, made denial of royal supremacy a capital offence

Act Against annates

1532, laid a system for appointing bishops without Rome

Act of first fruits and tenths

1534, Henry could tax the church, previously passed to the pope

valor ecclesiasticus

1535, survey of the value of monastic lands and properties

second commissioners

investigate the moral and spiritual standards in the monasteries

the act for the dissolution of the smaller monasteries

1536, closed all religious houses with lands valued at under £200

Act for dissolution of the larger monasteries

1539, extended closures to all religious houses, aside from chantries

Upper clergy charged with premunire

1530

Henry pardoned clergy in recognition of his position over the church

1531

Cranmer becomes archbishop of Canterbury

1532

Secret marriage to pregnant Anne

1533

execution of Sir Thomas More

1535

Cromwell becomes Vicar General and Vice- Regent of the Church

1535

Martin Luther posts the 95 theses in protest at the catholic doctrine of indulgences

1517

Tyndale publishes his English bible

1526

Luther outlines his theology and other views in his works: To the Christian nobility of the German nation, On the Babylonian captivity of the church & On the freedom of a Christian

1520

57% of people in Devon and Cornwall left money to Catholic religious’ guilds

1520-29

Henry VIII opposes Luther by writing the “Defence of the seven sacraments” Pope Leo X grants Henry defender of the faith.

1521

Luther publishes his own translation of the new testament in German

1522

Simon Fish’s a supplication for the beggars

1529, criticised greedy/overfed monks cardinals and priests

Anne Askew is burnt for denying transubstantiation

1546

Act limiting mortuary fees and fees for the probate of wills

1529

Act ending benefit of the clergy for robbery and murder

1529

Act limiting the influence clergy could have in trade and commerce

1529

Act for first fruit and tenths

taxes went straight to the king, 1534

Act extinguishing the authority of the bishop of Rome

1536

Monasteries were sources of great wealth, for instance Butley in Suffolk had an income of £___ from rents and £___ from ‘spiritualities’

210, 108

As a result of the dissolution of the monasteries the crown became richer to the extent of around £______ per year.

150,000

Under the act of dissolution ___ smaller monasteries were closed down. However, of them were given Royal permission to remain open after agreeing to pay a year’s income to the Crown, thus earning the crown about £_____

245, 77, 15,500

The church was in possession of X/Y of England’s land

1/3

The Ten Articles are issued. Only three sacraments (baptism, penance and the eucharist) were seen as necessary. Other traditional Catholic elements like confession were praised. Praying to saints to remove sin was no longer acceptable, but some prayers to saints were acceptable. The articles were an uncomfortable mix of traditional Catholic elements and new Lutheran ideas.

1536

A new Bishop’s Book was published which restored all the sacraments (a shift back to a tradition), although the restored four had lower status than the three preserved by the Ten Articles.

1537

Henry sanctioned the first English Bible, Coverdale’s Bible.

1537

The Thirteen Articles are issued. These attack old Catholic festivals and the obsession with relics.

1538

The Six Articles are issued. These reasserted traditional Catholic practices including transubstantiation, the rule that only priests could drink the wine during the Eucharist, and the rule that priests could not marry. Denial of the above was deemed heresy. The Articles had been passed in the belief that the religious changes had resulted in a breakdown of order.

1539

The protestant Robert Barnes is executed for heresy.

1540

Parliament passed the Act for the Advancement of the True Religion. This restricted the public reading of the Bible to upper-class males and prevented the printing of further copies of the English bible.

1543