Studied by 2 people
Eyjafallajokull 2010
VEI 4 - explosive eruption
Nyiragongo 2002
VEI 1 - lava flows of 90km/hr
Primary impacts of E16
Rescuers had to wear masks, crops where destroyed in ash
secondary impacts of E16
1000 evacuated due to flooding
loss of ÂŁ130 million a day to airlines for a week
Other impacts of E16
Icelandic economy lost ÂŁ180 million in tourism
Risk and Vulnerability of E16
Remote area with well educated population
Response Adpation and Mitigation of E16
Counselling offered, monitoring of other volcanoes
Primary impacts of Nyiragongo
1/3 of Goma destroyed including critical infrastructure
Secondary impacts of Nyiragongo
147 people dead from gas inhalation
contaminated water
350,000 fled to Rwanda
Risk and Vulnerability of Nyiragongo
High soil fertility around site
Frequent eruptions (34 since 1882)
Response, Adaption and Mitigation of Nyiragongo
Drills and evacuation routes set up
$15 million spent on refugees
Other impacts of Nyiragongo
Runway became unstable
Lake Kivu polluted
Napa 2014
MMS measured at a 6
Inland but still San Andreas fault
Haiti 2010
Level 9 on Mercalli scale
Shallow focus depth(13km)
Primary impacts of Napa
294 streets and sidewalks along with many public buildings damaged
Secondary impacts of Napa
$500-1000 million in damage
2 dead 6 badly injured
water supplies disrupted
dozens homeless
Other impacts Napa
Wine industry lost $100 million
Risk and Vulnerbility of Napa
Retrofitting and sparsely populated
Response Adaption and Mitigation of Napa
Education and city plans
extra doctors and nurses sent to local hospital
primary impacts Haiti
3 MSF hospitals collapsed
250,000 residences ruined
1300 schools destroyed
Secondary impacts Haiti
316,000 dead
2 million homeless
Prison breakouts
Failed State
Other impacts Haiti
Only 2% of $4 billion in aid reached the ground
Risk and Vulnerability of Haiti
Fatalistic voodoo culture with no risk sharing
Response Adaption and Mitigation Haiti
external builders flown to reconstruct port
70,000 water containers distributed
Camp Fire 2018
Spread 7.5 miles in 90 mins
Santa Ana winds of 45 mph
Primary impacts Camp Fire
153000 acres burnt
85 deaths
30,000 homes destroyed
Secondary impacts Camp Fire
50,000 had to evacuate Paradise
Contamination of water by ash
Costs of $16.7 billion
Virus outbreaks in temporary housing
Other impacts Camp Fire
5,000 firefighters brought in
Air pollution in San Francisco
Risk and Vulnerability Camp Fire
Prolonged drought due to climate change
aircraft douldn’t fly due to wind speeds
Response Adaption and Mitigation Camp Fire
PG&E done for involuntary manslaughter
Mandatory evacuation orders
Long term forrest litter clearing
Katriina 2005
Category 5 hurricane
Wind speeds of 285 km/hr
Haiyan 2013
Most powerful typhoon ever
Winds of over 315 km/hr
Primary impacts Katrina
20 foot storm surge
110,000 houses flooded
1242 fatalities
Secondary impacts Katrina
Power blackouts lasting 2 months
More than 1 million displaced
Other Impacts Katrina
$200 billion in costs
Oil rigs and refineries wrecked
Risk and Vulnerability Katrina
Levees only 60% completed
New Orleans lies below sea level
Response Adaption and Mitigation Katrina
$20 billion spent on rebuilding levees floodwalls and pumps
$150k sent to superdome
Primary impacts Haiyan
6000 dead
1.1 million homes destroyed
$2.9 billion in damages
secondary impacts Haiyan
8 millions displaced
Communications and power destroyed
Extra flooding + landslides
Collapse of local government
Other impacts Haiyan
1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed - 600,000 hectares
Risk and vulnerability Haiyan
Rapidly urbanising dense low lying archipelago
Response adaption and mitigation
“Build back Better” scheme
uk raised over ÂŁ73 million
USA sent 13,000 personel
Multi hazard case study - San Fransisco
earthquakes, storms, floods, landslides, fires, droughts
Physical nature of hazard San Fransisco
San Andreas fault with seismic gap means 63% chance of quake before year 2032 (over 6.7 MMS)
5 earthquakes since 1836 average of 6.75 MMS
Population density of 360 people/km²
Socioeconomic character of San Fransisco community
High levels of wealth retrofitting and strict building standards
Earthquake insurance is affordable but only 10% use as people feel safe due to high wealth and glamourus luxury lifestyle
San Fransisco hazard perception
Ignorance or blindness to scale of the threat as 1906 earthquake killed 3000 is still in most memories
Political character of San Fransisco
Democrat State leads to high public spending on emergency services
Authorities and emergency services very well prepared
Plans to deal with displacement of hundreds, reservoir failures
Under federal law plans have to be revisited every 5 years
1906 earthquake San Fransisco
Killed 3000
Started fire around San Fransisco which caused majority of killings
1989 earthquake San Fransisco
Killed 63 - 98% decrease since 1906
Due to better measures in place such as fire hydrant access nd better quality of buildings
Baseball game on which meant roads where quieter
Note 
Flashcard (29)