Lecture on the Digestive and Urinary Systems

These flashcards cover key concepts and processes related to the digestive and urinary systems as discussed in the lecture.

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter in digestion?

It relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach after being pushed by peristalsis from the esophagus.

What is required to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine?

Bicarbonate produced by the pancreas.

What are the four parts of the stomach?

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus.

What process occurs when muscular contractions push food along the digestive tract?

Peristalsis.

What two hormones are released in response to fatty material in the duodenum?

Secretin and CCK (Cholecystokinin).

What is the role of bile in digestion?

Bile emulsifies fats, breaking large fat globules into smaller ones for better absorption.

What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?

To produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

What structures increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

Circular folds, villi, and microvilli.

What is a significant risk associated with poor function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

Acid reflux or heartburn.

What are the three main functions of a nephron?

Filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

What happens during the cephalic phase of digestion?

The digestive system is prepared for food without actual ingestion, triggered by thoughts or smells of food.

What triggers the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

What is the main function of the colon in the digestive system?

To form feces and regulate water absorption.

What occurs in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron?

Secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions, and reabsorption of sodium.

What are haustra in the colon?

Pouch-like structures that help in the formation of feces.

What is the name of the sphincter that controls the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine?

Ileocecal sphincter.

What is the role of gastric glands in the stomach?

To produce hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus.

What is the significance of the filtration membrane in the nephron?

It selectively allows substances to pass from blood to nephron based on size.

What is the primary function of the liver in relation to digestion?

To process nutrients absorbed from the small intestine and produce bile.

What is the sequence of the small intestine sections?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.

What are rugae?

Folds in the stomach wall that allow it to expand when filled.

What condition may arise from the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

What is the primary component of bile?

Bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, and phospholipids.

What is the effect of the hormone gastrin in the stomach?

It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and enzymes for digestion.

What are the potential consequences of untreated gallstones?

Pain, inflammation, blockage of bile ducts, and possible gallbladder removal.