Chapter 30 & 31 Notes (terms, questions, etc)

both terms documents combined as well as the discussion questions!

denounced

Publicly declared to be evil or wrong.

sealed off

Partially closed off the economy from foreign influences, emphasizing domestic issues.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 Communist takeover in Russia that fueled American fears of radicalism.

Red Scare

A period of intense fear and suspicion of communism and radicalism in the U.S.

bomb shattered

Refers to the 1920 bombing on Wall Street that intensified anti-radical sentiment.

the Buford

A ship used in 1919 to deport alleged radicals from the U.S. to Russia.

criminal syndicalism laws

State laws banning support for violence in social change.

vigorously prosecuted

Actively pursued and tried individuals suspected of radicalism.

American plan

A business strategy opposing unionized labor and promoting open shops.

judicial lynching

Refers to the unfair trial and execution of Sacco and Vanzetti.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist group that reemerged in the 1920s.

Midwest and South

Regions in the U.S. where the KKK gained popularity in the 1920s.

fought in vain

Refers to unsuccessful reform attempts to prevent immigration restrictions.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Legislation limiting immigration to 3% based on the 1910 census.

Immigration Act of 1924

Stricter immigration law reducing quotas to 2% based on the 1890 census.

Exempt

Free from a rule or restriction, as some groups were from immigration quotas.

end of an era

The Immigration Act of 1924 marked the end of mostly unrestricted immigration.

isolated enclaves

Ethnic communities maintaining their customs and culture apart from society.

Kallen’s pluralism

Idea that America should protect ethnic groups' cultural identities.

Bourne’s cosmopolitanism

Promotes cultural exchange to form a unique American identity.

Volstead Act

Legislation passed to enforce Prohibition under the 18th amendment.

especially popular

High support for Prohibition, particularly in Southern and Western states.

$1 a day

Typical wage of Polish farm workers in late 1800s to early 1900s.

one third of all poles

By 1901, about ⅓ of Polish immigrants owned real estate.

high alcohol content

Strong liquor that became popular during Prohibition for its transport ease.

“noble experiment”

Term describing Prohibition's idealistic intentions.

shocking crimes

Rise in violent crimes during Prohibition due to illegal alcohol trade.

Al Capone

Notorious gangster associated with organized crime during Prohibition.

Racketeers

Individuals involved in organized crime, extorting businesses for protection.

aviator-hero

Celebrated pilot such as Charles Lindbergh who captured public admiration.

“learning by doing”

Educational philosophy promoting practical experience as the best learning method.

public-health programs

Initiatives to improve health standards and reduce diseases.

Fundamentalists

Religious conservatives opposing modern scientific theories like evolution.

Bible Belt South

A region in the southern U.S. with strong Protestant fundamentalism.

“Monkey Trial”

Famous 1925 Scopes Trial highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

hollow victory

A victory providing little satisfaction because the underlying issue remains unsolved.

increased productivity

Gains in efficiency in industries, exemplified by Ford's assembly line.

a new arm

A new branch or sector within an industry, like advertising's rise.

Bruce Barton

Advertising executive linking business success with religious values.

“image makers”

People in advertising shaping public perceptions and personas.

innovative feature

Creative elements introduced to attract consumers.

Father of Scientific Management

Frederick W. Taylor known for improving industrial efficiency.

“Tin Lizzie”

Nickname for Ford's Model T automobile, accessible for the average family.

Fordism

Mass production philosophy using assembly lines and standardized parts.

supporting industries

Businesses that grew alongside the automobile industry.

Other effects

Broader societal impacts of the automobile like suburb growth.

agents of social change

People or technologies prompting shifts in societal norms.

Virtuous home life

Ideal of maintaining a morally upright family environment.

“the miracle at Kitty Hawk”

Refers to the Wright brothers' first successful powered flight in 1903.

Flyin’ Fool

Nickname for Charles Lindbergh after his famous solo Atlantic flight.

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian inventor known for long-distance radio transmission.

station KDKA

First commercial radio station in the U.S. that began broadcasts in 1920.

knitted the nation

Role of radio in uniting Americans through shared experiences.

Thomas A. Edison

Innovator known for contributions to electric power and entertainment.

The Great Train Robbery

A 1903 silent film considered one of the first narrative films.

Birth of a Nation

A controversial racist film glorifying the KKK.

The Jazz Singer

First feature-length talking film released in 1927, marking sound's introduction.

feminist Margaret Sanger

Pioneering advocate for birth control and women's rights.

Advertisers exploited

Manipulating consumer behavior through advertising.

Dr. Sigmund Freud

Neurologist who developed psychoanalysis and impacted psychology and advertising.

sacred music

Music with religious significance, often associated with church services.

racial pride

Pride in one's racial heritage, especially during the Harlem Renaissance.

UNIA

Universal Negro Improvement Association aimed at advancing African Americans.

“Modernism”

An artistic movement based on questioning traditional ideals post-WWI.

“Bad Boy of Baltimore”

H.L. Mencken, a critic promoting modernist causes in literature.

Puritans - hypocritical do-gooders

Critiques of Puritan moral attitudes that judge others.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Minnesota author known for The Great Gatsby and critiques of capitalism.

Ernest Hemingway

An author whose war experiences influenced his writing style.

“Lost Generation”

Collective of modernist artists disillusioned by WWI.

“high modernists”

Influential modernist writers rejecting traditional literature.

familiar regionalist style

Traditional writing style by notable American authors.

Babbitry

Lifestyle conforming to materialism, coined from Sinclair Lewis's novel.

composers and playwrights

Influential individuals in American arts during the 1920s.

captivated Americans

Americans' attraction to new modern forms of art and technology.

self-conscious break

Modernists' rejection of traditional forms for experimental approaches.

Architecture also

Modernist architecture emphasized functional designs over ornamentation.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural revolution involving African-American art and literature.

Speculation

Economic uncertainty and boom-or-bust trading in the 1920s.

buying stocks “on margin”

Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, posing high risk.

Mellonites also argued

Advocated for tax policies benefiting the wealthy.

spare-the-rich policies

Policies reducing tax burdens for the wealthy.

controversial figure

Controversial economic figures associated with tax policies.

League 1: 36-39

Multiple choice quiz questions and answers.

League 2: 39-42

Multiple choice quiz questions and answers.

Prohibition - better or worse?

Debate on the effects of Prohibition on American society.

Chapter 31 Terms

Terms related to the politics of boom and bust, covering the 1920s.

traditional foreign policy

U.S. return to isolation after WWI.

“Ohio Gang”

Corrupt political associates of President Harding.

“best minds”

Reputable cabinet members chosen by Harding.

two of the worst

Corrupt cabinet members undermining Harding’s administration.

their plea

Call for government support of business profit.

Supreme Court axed

Elimination of progressive legislation by the Supreme Court.

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital

Supreme Court case invalidating women's minimum wage law.

limped along

Refers to weakened labor unions post-WWI.

American Legion

Veteran group known for conservative values.

browbeat Congress

Veterans pressing Congress for financial benefits.

“Unofficial observers”

U.S. representatives monitoring the League of Nations.

“black gold”

Term for oil emphasizing its value.

double agenda

Goals of the Washington Disarmament Conference.

ten-year “holiday”

Proposal to halt battleship construction.