ANS 42 Final

What is domestication?

Adapting a species or population to live with humans.

Define 'wild' in the context of animal species.

'Wild' refers to a species or population that is adapted to living in its native state.

What diminishes an animal's tendency to flee from humans?

Taming.

What is 'flight distance' in animal behavior?

The distance at which an animal will flee from a human.

What is a 'feral' animal?

An individual of a domesticated species that is no longer controlled by humans.

What archaeological evidence supports animal domestication?

Proportion of age groupings, sex ratios, morphological changes, artistic representations, and objects associated with animal husbandry.

What are the two theories on the beginning of domestication?

Human Initiated and Animal Initiated theories.

Who is Raymond Coppinger?

A researcher who highlighted the necessity of taking wolf pups from the den at an early age for domestication.

What is neoteny?

Retention of juvenile traits in the adult form of a domesticated species.

What traits favor domestication?

Group living, social hierarchy, promiscuous mating, tolerance of confinement, and less sensitive to novel environments.

What are the consequences of domestication?

Increased fertility, lower stress levels, and reduced survival skills.

Why are juvenile traits considered desirable in domesticated animals?

They evoke a nurturing response.

What is the genetic similarity between dogs and wolves?

Dogs and wolves have similar DNA makeup and the same number of chromosomes (78).

What is the role of nature in the behavior of domesticated animals?

Nature provides genetic and hormonal influences that affect behavior.

Define 'behavioral potential.'

The range of possible actions and responses governed by genetics.

What is socialization in animal behavior?

Exposure to different stimuli to acclimate an animal throughout its life.

What is imprinting in animal behavior?

When a young animal accepts another being as trustworthy.

Name an example of a precocial animal.

Animals that are born or hatched with a high degree of independence.

What is stereotypy?

Repetitive behaviors in captive animals that serve no functional purpose.

Name one mode of communication in animals.

Visual, olfactory, tactile, or audible/vocal communication.

How do visual communication signals function?

They use body posture and displays to convey information to others in the species.

What do olfactory signals in animals primarily consist of?

Pheromones and scents that communicate information over long distances.

What is the significance of the tapetum lucidum?

A reflective membrane that improves night vision in certain animals.

What is the difference between a plantigrade and a digitigrade animal?

Plantigrade animals walk on the soles of their feet, while digitigrade animals walk on their toes.

What is the righting reflex in cats?

The ability of cats to land on their feet after falling.

What are the types of animals based on their activity patterns?

Diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular animals.

What is malocclusion in rodents?

Improper tooth alignment in teeth that grow continuously.

What are guinea pigs native to?

Peru.

Name a characteristic of hamsters.

They have large cheek pockets and are solitary animals.

What is a ferret's major communication method?

Olfactory communication.

What animal is known for continuously growing incisors?

Rodents.

What is the main purpose of the gizzard in birds?

Grind food utilizing sand and small rocks.

What factors influence the formation of bird eggs?

Oviduct environment, yolk size, and health of the hen.

What is AAFCO?

The Association of American Feed Control Officials responsible for pet food standards.

What is significant about the Tang Dynasty in relation to goldfish?

It was during this period that genetic mutations in Prussian carp led to the gold scales of goldfish.

Why are essential fatty acids important in animal nutrition?

They cannot be synthesized by the animal and must be obtained through diet.

What are the six categories of nutrients?

Water, vitamins, minerals, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Define 'essential nutrient.'

Nutrients that must be consumed from the diet because the organism cannot synthesize them.

How do dietary deficiencies in pets manifest?

Health disorders such as reproductive problems or neurological issues.

What is coprophagy?

The act of animal consuming its own feces.

Describe the role of enzymes in digestion for carnivorous animals.

They help break down larger chunks of animal tissue due to stronger stomach acids.

What are obligate carnivores?

Animals that must consume animal-derived foods to thrive, like cats.

What is the function of FSH and LH in reproduction?

They are hormones that regulate the maturation of ova and sperm.

What is photoperiodism?

The influence of light duration on the reproductive cycle of animals.

Define estrous cycle.

The time frame from one heat period to the next in female mammals.

What is spontaneous ovulation?

The surge of LH that happens naturally during the estrous cycle.

What is pseudopregnancy?

A state where a female experiences pregnancy symptoms without an actual embryo present.

How does olfaction contribute to reproduction in animals?

It helps detect pheromones, which can influence mating behavior.

What is a key aspect of genetic information?

It is carried in DNA, which is structured into chromosomes.

What are alleles?

Alternate versions of genes that arise through mutation.

What is the law of segregation in genetics?

It states that a gamete gets only a single allele for any gene.

Define sexual reproduction.

The process of combining genetic material from two individuals through gametes.

What is hybrid vigor?

The increased vigor or superior qualities arising from cross-breeding genetically distinct individuals.

What are genetic disorders?

Conditions caused by mutations that can be autosomal or sex-linked.

What is a test cross?

Breeding an individual with an unknown genotype to a known recessive genotype.

What do we mean by 'inbreeding'?

Breeding between closely related individuals to maintain certain characteristics.

Define external fertilization.

Fertilization that occurs outside of a female's body.

What is the connection between the ovary and progesterone?

The ovary produces progesterone, which is involved in pregnancy maintenance.

What special reproductive adaptation exists in some reptiles?

They have hemipenes, two copulatory organs for sperm transfer.

How do birds indicate readiness to mate?

Through complex behaviors and vocalizations that can signal their reproductive status.

What type of fertilization occurs in most mammals?

Internal fertilization.

What does the term 'oviparous' mean?

Species that develop eggs that hatch outside the mother's body.

What is an important nutritional consideration for breeding dogs?

Providing high-quality protein to support higher metabolic needs during growth.

What percentage of pet food regulations does AAFCO oversee?

They regulate only dog and cat food.

What aspect is crucial for fish to thrive in captivity?

Maintaining proper water quality and reducing stress to prevent illness.

What can skew the ova size in laying hens?

Health and nutritional status of the hen.

What kind of evolutionary adaptations support bird flight?

Reduction of body weight and modification of forelimbs into wings.

Define viviparous.

A reproductive method where the development of offspring occurs inside the mother's body leading to live birth.

What does it mean when a mutation is described as 'neutral'?

It has no significant effect on the survival or reproductive success of the individual.

What key hormone is released from the hypothalamus during reproduction?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).