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Nucleotide
Consists of nitrogenous base : Purine (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidine(thymine, cytosine and uracil). A sugar and a phosphate group.
Mononucleotides joined by 5’-3’ phosphodiester bonds.
Interactions
Hydrophobic: cluster of base components of nucleotides within the double helix is a stabilizing factor in 3-D macromolecule because it minimizes interactions with water.
Hydrogen bonds: formed by base pairs. 3 between CG and 2 between AT pairs. Keep strands in correct orientation
Base stacking: stacked base pairs form weak van Der Waal forces.
Electrostatic interactions: sugar phosphate backbone possesses negatively charged phosphate groups. Repulsion between nearby phosphate groups is minimized bt the shielding affect of divalent cations (I.e. Mg2+)
Orientation
Anti-conformation is predominant (base if facing outwards)
Syn base is facing inwards
The genetic code
Refers to triplet base sequences (codon) in mRNA that specify the amino acids to be incorporated into a protein.
Contains all the information for initiating translation, specifying amino acid sequences in a proteins primary structure, terminating translation and releasing the nascent protein. Genetic code is non-overlapping.