Chapter 3: Cell Differentiation

role of BRCA genes without mutations

repair DNA and prevent uncontrolled cell growth

BRCA gene that is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer and is also linked to other cancers including pancreatic and prostate.

BRCA1

BRCA gene that is less severe but increases the risk for breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic, prostate and male breast cancer

BRCA2

type of stem cell that has the ability to develop into any cell type or complete organism

totipotent

type of stem cell that has the ability to develop into any cell type within an already existing organism excluding extra-embryonic tissue

pluripotent

type of stem cell that can differentiate into any cell types within a specific lineage of tissue

multipotent

type of stem cell that can produce a limited number of cell types within a specific lineage of tissue

oligopotent

type of stem cell that can differentiate into only one specific cell type

unipotent

components of the ectoderm

skin, nervous system

components of the mesoderm

muscles, blood, bones

components of the endoderm

internal organs

three types of stem cells

embryonic, fetal, adult

three types of stem cells that are found in adult bone marrow

hematopoietic, endothelial, mesenchymal

process of blood cell formation that occurs primary in bone marrow

hematopoiesis

stem cell responsible for hematopoiesis

hematopoietic

two cells that emerge from hematopoietic stem cels

myeloid progenitor, lymphoid progenitor

cell that is derived from a myeloid progenitor that functions in blood clots and wound healing

thrombocytes

cell that is derived from a myeloid progenitor that functions in delivering oxygen to tissues and returning carbon dioxide to lungs

erythrocytes

cell that is derived from a myeloid progenitor that functions in immune response with the tissue to elicit a localized immune response

mast cell

cell that is derived from a myeloconblast that functions in response to allergic reactions and inflammation throughout the blood by release histamines and initiation of anaphylaxis

basophil

cell that is derived from a myeloblast that is the most abundant white blood cell and functions against bacterial infections through pus production, phagocytosis and release of anti-microbial proteins

neutrophils

cell that is derived from myeloblast that functions in toxin release against parasites, allergic reaction response, and tissue damage

eosinophils

two cells derived from a monocyte

macrophage, dendrite

type of white blood cell that are found in the tissues functions in chronic inflammation and adaptive immunity through antigen presentation and phagocytosis

macrophage

type of white blood cell that are found in tissues exposed to external environment and function in antigen presentation and t-cell activation

dendrite

lymphocyte that functions in killing infected tumor cells and initiating innate immunity without prior antigen exposure

natural killer cells

lymphocyte that functions in adaptive immune response

t-lymphocyte

lymphocyte that functions in antibody production for pathogen neutralization

b-lymphocyte

transcription factors that bind to specific genes and promote or inhibit expression of gene are responsible for this cellular phenomenon

specialization

component that functions through receptor binding which activates certain transcriptional factions to intiate a response

steroid hormones

protein that tags unecessary or damaged proteins to be degraded and function in cell signaling regulation

ubiquitin ligase

stem cell that is pluripotent and is derived from early embryos

human embryonic stem cells

stem cell that is multipotent and is used in bone marrow transplant and tissue repair for certain tissue types

adult stem cells

stem cell that is derived from reprogramming adult somatic cells

induced pluripotent stem cells