KINS 280 FINAL

how many people are injured each year in sport and exercise?

25 million

causes of injury

- physical factors
- social factors
- stress factors
- psychological factors

attentional disruption

Stress disrupts an athlete's attention by reducing peripheral attention and causing distraction and task-irrelevant thoughts

increased muscle tension

High stress can cause muscle tension and coordination interference as well as generalized fatigue, muscle inefficiency, reduced flexibility, and motor coordination problems.

Other stress-injury relationship explanations

-Overemphasis on acting tough and a "giving 110%" attitude
-Failure to distinguish between normal discomfort and injury pain
-"You're injured, you're useless" mentality

3 categories of emotional reactions

1. Injury-relevant information processing
2. Emotional upheaval and reactive behavior
3. Positive outlook, coping

speed and ease with which they progress

what varies widely in a person's typical response to injury?

immediately after injury

what period of time is characterized by the greatest negative emotional reactions?

identity loss

Important part of them is lost therefore effecting their self concept

fear and anxiety

They worry whether they will recover, if re-injury will occur, and whether someone will replace them permanently in the lineup

lack of confidence

Lowered confidence can result in decreased motivation, inferior performance, or additional injury because the athletes overcompensate.

performance decrement

Many athletes who have difficulty lowering expectations after an injury expect to immediately return to a pre-injury level

group processes

Positive forces: group rally each other
Negative forces: group loss/disruption

Signs of poor adjustment to injury

-Feelings of anger and confusion
-Obsession with when they can return

When abnormal emotional reactions to injuries are identified...

send a referral to a sport psychologist

athletes will not automatically transfer...

psychological skills

3 phases of rehab and recovery

1. injury/illness phase
2. rehab & recovery phase
3. return to full activity phase

specific coping skills

- goal setting
- self-talk
- imagery
- relaxation training

social support

what is necessary for at-risk athletes?

personality traits

What can influence health outcomes?

neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

explanatory style

a person's habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along three dimensions: internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific

dispositional optimism

the belief or expectation that things will work out positively

perfectionism

An unhealthy compulsion to do things perfectly and having extreme high standards

hardiness

a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.
high challenge, control, commitment

Implications for neuroticism

- be prepared for emotional reactions and questioning
- discuss progress even the smallest of gains
- help develop stress management and problem-focused coping

implications for explanatory style

- encourage continued attendance
- help develop coping strategies to deal with less isolation and feeling overwhelmed
- provide emotional support

implications for dispositional optimism

- give objective evidence about the extent of damage/injury to lessen denial tendencies
-help athlete develop cognitive management techniques

implications for perfectionistic

- draw attention to the nature of the demands that are being placed on an impersonal process (therapy) or other people (family)
- help shift thinking toward desiring vs demanding perfection

implications for hardiness

- communicate severity of the injury
- emphasize active communication
- reinforce personal initiative/active involvement

practitioners

have been identified as a second to only parents as providers of social support

communication barriers

- not listening
- depersonalizing the patient
- jargon
- displaying worry

regimen

past research looked at confusion, disagreement, and misunderstanding as issues with rehabilitation

negative emotional response

poor perceptions of progress

positive emotional response

perceptions and progress are congruent

rehab adherence

Positive or negative
- self motivation
- pain tolerance
- health locus of control
- ego involvement
- trait anxiety

rehab adherence strategies

- practitioners who are caring
- assisting in goal setting
- offering encouragement to patients
- monitoring progress

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
positive and negative

Return to sport stages model

1. initial return
2. recovery confirmation
3. return to physical/technical abilities
4. high intensity training
5. return to competition

implications for athlete stressors

- addressing issues of competence
- addressing issues of autonomy
- addressing issues of relatedness
SDT

leadership

the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

manager

generally concerned with planning, organizing, scheduling, budgeting, staffing, and recruiting

prescribed leaders

leaders appointed by someone in authority

emergent leaders

leaders who emerge from the group and take charge

trait approach

A leadership approach that attempts to determine the personal characteristics that great leaders share

behavioral approach

A leadership approach that anyone could become a leader by simply learning the behaviors of other effective leaders

situational approach

A leadership perspective that effective leadership depends much more on the characteristics of the situation

relationship-oriented leaders

type of leader that develops interpersonal relationships

task-oriented leaders

type of leader that primarily work to get the task done and meet their objectives

cognitive-mediational model of leadership

According to this model, athletes' perceptions of coach behaviors primarily determine players' reactions and responses to these behaviors.

multidimensional model of sport leadership

According to this model, a leader's effectiveness in sport will vary depending on the characteristics of the athletes, characteristics of the leader, and constraints of the situation

transactional leadership

focuses on reinforcing and punishing followers relative to team tasks and monitoring follower performance

servant leadership

focuses on service to others.

Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS)

measures leadership behaviors

Pressure to win leads to...

more time training and stress

periodized training

deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity training loads that are followed by a lower training load

overtraining

A short cycle of training during which athletes expose themselves to excessive training loads that are near maximum capacity

process of overtraining

can result in positive adaptation and improved performance (+ overtraining) OR maladaptation and decreased performance (- overtraining)

overtraining keys

overload, overtrain, overreach

overreaching

An accumulation of training and/ or non-training stress resulting in a short-term decrement in performance capacity with or without related physiological and psychological signs
and
symptoms of overtraining in which restoration of performance capacity may take from several days to several weeks.

functional overreaching

positive physiological adaptations and improvements in physical training because a recovery phase has been implemented in the athlete's physical training regimen

non-functional overreaching

when a recovery phase has been neglected or altogether removed from the physical training prescription which produces a negative training effects and an elevated risk for overtraining syndrome to occur

overtrained athlete

- disproportionate exercise intensity
- fatigue
- poor diet habits
- lack of sleep
- exaggerated stress reactivity

staleness

The physiological state of overtraining in which the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimens and can no longer achieve previous performance results

burnout

A psychophysiological response due to frequent but generally ineffective efforts to meet excessive demands involving a psychological, emotional, and sometimes physical withdrawal from an activity in response to excessive stress or dissatisfaction

characteristics of burnout

- exhaustion (physical and emotional)
- depersonalization
- feelings of low personal accomplishment or self-esteem

models of burnout

1. Cognitive-affective stress model
2. Unidimensional identity development and external control model
3. Commitment and entrapment theory
4. Self-determination theory

cognitive-affective stress model

Stage 1: Situational Demands
Stage 2: Cognitive Appraisal
Stage 3: Physiological Responses
Stage 4: Behavioral Responses

Unidimensional Identity Development and External Control Model

the real cause of burnout deal with faulty identity development and external control of young athletes.
- not enough time with peers outside of sport
- control and decision making are inhibited

Commitment and Entrapment Theory

Burnout is explained within the context of sport commitment.
Burnout occurs when athletes become entrapped in sport and feel they must play even though they lose motivation for participation.

self-determination theory

autonomy, competence, relatedness
those who do not have those basic needs are more prone to burnout.

factors leading to burnout

- training at younger ages
- training year-round

burnout is a...

unique personal experience

Treating and Preventing Burnout

Set short-term goals for competition and practice.
Communicate your feelings to others.
Take relaxation (time-out) breaks.
Learn self-regulation skills
Keep a positive outlook.
Manage post competition emotions.
Stay in good physical condition.
Key: It's not how hard you train

active listening

a process whereby a practitioner tries to understand the underlying meaning of what a client is saying

empathy

understanding that is conveyed by a practitioner to a client

health and wellness coaching/counseling should be:

- client centered
- support and bolster self-efficacy
- facilitates the process by which a person can move toward desired goals

client centered approach

- unconditional positive reagard
- respectful relationship
- practitioner seeks to enter the world of the client to understand their unique perspective
- work together to define the problem and establish goals
- each contact will build the therapeutic relationship for health promotion

3 core counseling/coaching skills

1. interest/empathy: mindful listening (soler)
2. establishing rapport: open-ended inquiry
3. active listening: reflective statements

SOLER =

face Squarely, Open posture, Lean towards, good Eye contact, Relaxed or natural behavior

motivational interviewing

exploration of why people aren't active, asks open-eded questions, uses empathetic responses and reflective listening skills, and recognizes that individuals may be resistant -> "change talk"

basics of motivational interviewing

1. expressing empathy
2. developing discrepancy
3. rolling with resistance
4. supporting self-efficacy

stages of change

1. pre-contemplation
2. contemplation
3. preparation
4. action
5. maintenance

methods for evoking Change Talk

- ask evocative questions
- use importance ruler
- use confidence ruler
- explore pros and cons
- elaborate
- query extremes
- look back
- look forward
- explore values and goals