Studied by 42 Peoplehow many people are injured each year in sport and exercise?
Tags & Description
how many people are injured each year in sport and exercise?
25 million
causes of injury
physical factors
social factors
stress factors
psychological factors
attentional disruption
Stress disrupts an athlete's attention by reducing peripheral attention and causing distraction and task-irrelevant thoughts
increased muscle tension
High stress can cause muscle tension and coordination interference as well as generalized fatigue, muscle inefficiency, reduced flexibility, and motor coordination problems.
Other stress-injury relationship explanations
-Overemphasis on acting tough and a "giving 110%" attitude -Failure to distinguish between normal discomfort and injury pain -"You're injured, you're useless" mentality
3 categories of emotional reactions
Injury-relevant information processing
Emotional upheaval and reactive behavior
Positive outlook, coping
speed and ease with which they progress
what varies widely in a person's typical response to injury?
immediately after injury
what period of time is characterized by the greatest negative emotional reactions?
identity loss
Important part of them is lost therefore effecting their self concept
fear and anxiety
They worry whether they will recover, if re-injury will occur, and whether someone will replace them permanently in the lineup
lack of confidence
Lowered confidence can result in decreased motivation, inferior performance, or additional injury because the athletes overcompensate.
performance decrement
Many athletes who have difficulty lowering expectations after an injury expect to immediately return to a pre-injury level
group processes
Positive forces: group rally each other Negative forces: group loss/disruption
Signs of poor adjustment to injury
-Feelings of anger and confusion -Obsession with when they can return
When abnormal emotional reactions to injuries are identified...
send a referral to a sport psychologist
athletes will not automatically transfer...
psychological skills
3 phases of rehab and recovery
injury/illness phase
rehab & recovery phase
return to full activity phase
specific coping skills
goal setting
self-talk
imagery
relaxation training
social support
what is necessary for at-risk athletes?
personality traits
What can influence health outcomes?
neuroticism
degree of emotional instability or stability
explanatory style
a person's habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along three dimensions: internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific
dispositional optimism
the belief or expectation that things will work out positively
perfectionism
An unhealthy compulsion to do things perfectly and having extreme high standards
hardiness
a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness. high challenge, control, commitment
Implications for neuroticism
be prepared for emotional reactions and questioning
discuss progress even the smallest of gains
help develop stress management and problem-focused coping
implications for explanatory style
encourage continued attendance
help develop coping strategies to deal with less isolation and feeling overwhelmed
provide emotional support
implications for dispositional optimism
give objective evidence about the extent of damage/injury to lessen denial tendencies -help athlete develop cognitive management techniques
implications for perfectionistic
draw attention to the nature of the demands that are being placed on an impersonal process (therapy) or other people (family)
help shift thinking toward desiring vs demanding perfection
implications for hardiness
communicate severity of the injury
emphasize active communication
reinforce personal initiative/active involvement
practitioners
have been identified as a second to only parents as providers of social support
communication barriers
not listening
depersonalizing the patient
jargon
displaying worry
regimen
past research looked at confusion, disagreement, and misunderstanding as issues with rehabilitation
negative emotional response
poor perceptions of progress
positive emotional response
perceptions and progress are congruent
rehab adherence
Positive or negative
self motivation
pain tolerance
health locus of control
ego involvement
trait anxiety
rehab adherence strategies
practitioners who are caring
assisting in goal setting
offering encouragement to patients
monitoring progress
biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness positive and negative
Return to sport stages model
initial return
recovery confirmation
return to physical/technical abilities
high intensity training
return to competition
implications for athlete stressors
addressing issues of competence
addressing issues of autonomy
addressing issues of relatedness SDT
leadership
the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
manager
generally concerned with planning, organizing, scheduling, budgeting, staffing, and recruiting
prescribed leaders
leaders appointed by someone in authority
emergent leaders
leaders who emerge from the group and take charge
trait approach
A leadership approach that attempts to determine the personal characteristics that great leaders share
behavioral approach
A leadership approach that anyone could become a leader by simply learning the behaviors of other effective leaders
situational approach
A leadership perspective that effective leadership depends much more on the characteristics of the situation
relationship-oriented leaders
type of leader that develops interpersonal relationships
task-oriented leaders
type of leader that primarily work to get the task done and meet their objectives