bio psych - unit 4

last one!!!

motivation

the process of guiding and maintaining your behavior to reach a desired goal

instinct

genetically driven factors that drive motivation

drive reduction theory

we strive for homeostasis

incentive theory

motivation to achieve certain incentives (goals, plans, etc)

arousal theory

motivation to see a certain amount of stimulation

motivation of hunger

based in the hypothalamus (hy)

lateral hypothalamus

makes you feel hungry

ventromedial hypothalamus (vmh)

makes you feel full

paraventricular hypothalamus (pvh)

regulates hunger by hormonal release (insulin and glucagon)

insulin

used or stored as glycogen (hunger levels decrease)

glucagon

breaks down stored glycogen (hunger levels rise)

anorexia nervosa

failure to eat enough to maintain 85% of normal body weight

distorted body image

individuals see themselves as overweight, commonly seen in those w anorexia

bulimia nervosa

binging and purging, sufferer appears normal or slightly overweight

binge eating disorder

binging without purging

obesity

seem as an addiction

emotions

a feeling state involving physiological arousal, thoughts, and changes in outward expression

james-lange theory

physiology precedes cognition (you’re afraid because you’re running)

cannon-bard

physiology and cognition happen simulaneously

two factor theory

physiology and cognition combine to create emotion

dual pathway model

the brain has two pathways for processing an emotion— a high road and a low road

• low road is unconscious and immediate (like seeing a long object and thinking its a snake)

  • high road is slower appraisal of the situation (like realizing that the object is a harmless stick)

sudden cardiac death

being scared to death

• most common in people w cvd

voodoo death

if they are “cursed,” the person gets so scared that they die

psychophysiological

a dramatic version of sudden cardiac death

polygraphs

doesn’t measure lying, measures sympathetic arousal (heartrate, bp, sweat)

why are polygraphs not allowed in the court of law?

test assumes that lying = scared and nervous = lying

motivational function of emotion

emotions may cause you to ac in a way that you usually wouldn’ts

social function of emotion

ability to determine others emotions and act accordingly

coping function of emotion

relieve stressful situation

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

emotional liability

emotions to not match the situation (ex laughing at a funeral)

• commonly seen in those with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

emotional intelligence

ability to recognize one’s own and other’s emotions

emotional expression

• face

• body language (evaluated in a different part of the cortex than facial expression)

• vocal tone

• culture

• sex and gender

basic/primary emotion

exists in all cultures (happy, sad, etc.)

culture specific emotion

only recognized in specific cultures (ex. schadenfreude— pleasure in someone’s misfortune— in germany)

distress

can lead to dysfunction

dsm-5

primary tool for diagnosing psychological disorders

problems with the dsm-5

doesn’t focus on causes or treatments, ignores the biology of any disorder

cultural formulation interview (cfi)

helps clients assess what are cultural issues and what are mental health issues

differential diagnosis

rules out any other potential causes of a presenting disorder (ex. hearing voices could be an auditory tumor)

cultural relativism

discourse around symptoms being unique to a culture, others are cross-cultural

ethiopia’s zar

spirit possession that leaves a person unable to speak

diagnostic labels lead to _____

stigma

____ of u.s. adults report serious psychological distress

3%

co-morbidity

diagnosis are likely to be paired (ex. anxiety and depression)

language

a symbol based system to convey ideas

what are the two main theories for language

1. language is a by-product of overall brain development/intelligence

2. language evolved as an extra part of the brain

language acquisition device

a built-in mechanism for acquiring languagep

poverty of the stimulus argument

kids produce language skills they haven’t heard before

aphasia

the loss of ability to understand speech (broca’s area)

anomia

the inability of retrieving known words (wernicke’s area)

intelligence

the ability to acquire knowledge and skills

general intelligence

smart in one thing = smart in all

multiple intelligences

people are better in certain areas more than others

triarchic theory of intelligence

analytic, creative, and practical types of intelligence

p-fit model

how different brain regions integrate to form intelligence

fluid intelligence

ability to think abstractly, independently of past learning

• declines with age

crystallized intelligence

knowledge and experiences you’ve accumulated over the years

iq tests

biased (raven progressive matrices is the best)l

lumpers

view iq as one thing

splitters

view iq as many different

causes of abnormality

bad genes, chemical imbalances, or structure in the brain

stress-vulnerability models

explores how biological factors and stress affects the likelihood of developing a disorder

autism spectrum disorder

a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with other communicate, learn, and behave

tourette’s disorder

nervous system disorder involving repetitive movement or unwanted sounds (tics)

schizophrenia

affect a person’s ability to think, feel, and behave clearly

• characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis

neurodevelopmental theory

caused by abnormalities with the pre- or neonatal development the nervous

positive symptom

presence of abnormal behaviorneg

negative symptom

absence of a normal behavior

bipolar

characterized by a destabilized moody

type I bipolar vs type II

type I: full out mania

type II: hypomania, agitation, and anxiety

cyclothymic disorder

a more chronic form of bipolarl

lithium

mood-stabilizer, typically used for bipolar

dysthymia

a milder but more chronic form of major depressive disorder

meds for depression

• increase da, 5ht, and ne

  • scientists now believe they don’t work and are no more than a placebo

neurocircuitry hypothesis of depression

depression occurs when the brain doesn’t get enough nutrition to stay healthy, causing changes in how it works and feels

therapies for depression

cognitive psychotherapy, electroconvulsive shock therapy (ect), adjust sleep patterns

anxiolytics

anti-anxiety meds that enhance gaba

benzodiazepines

sedative hypnotics used to treat anxiety, seen in valium and xanax

endozipenes

naturally produce anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder (gad)

a persistent feeling of anxiety of dread

panic disorder

frequent and unexpected panic attacks with no obvious reason

panic attacks

an episode of intense anxiety and physical symptoms

phobia

an extreme or irrational fear of something

agoraphobia

fear of being outside

ocds

based on repetition

dissociative disorders

separations from reality in memories, consciousness, perception, and/or identity

depersonalization disorder

recurrent feeling of being detached from reality

dissociative identity disorder (did)

formerly known as multiple personality disorders

somatic symptom disorders

issues of excessive fear or concern about one’s body or health

illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

intense fear of having contracted an illness, may be general or specific to an organ

conversion disorder

actual diagnosable symptoms but not caused medically (ex. paralysis or blindness)

impulse control disorders

intense urge to harm themselves or others

intermittent explosive disorder

an inability to control aggressive impulses

kleptomania

strong urge to steal

pyromania

strong urge to set fires

personality disorders

individuals live with them 24/7

antisocial personality disorder

a lack of conscious for the rights of others, feel no guilt if they hurt others, no morals or code of ethics

borderline personality disorder

several issues around instability in relationships, poor self-image, unstable moods, and self-destructive behaviors